The model is makes quantitative and cross-linguistic predictions about child language. It may also be deployed as a predictive model of language change which, when the evidence is available, could explain why grammars change in a particular direction at a particular time.
A child's very first word is a miraculous sound, the opening note in a lifelong symphony. Most parents never forget the moment. But that first word is soon followed by a second and a third, and by the age of three, children are typically learning ten new words every day and speaking in complete sentences. The process seems effortless, and for children, it is. But how exactly does it happen? How do children learn language? And why is it so much harder to do later in life? Drawing on cutting-edge developments in biology, neurology, psychology, and linguistics, Charles Yang's The Infinite Gift takes us inside the astonishingly complex but largely subconscious process by which children learn to talk and to understand the spoken word. Yang illuminates the rich mysteries of language: why French newborns already prefer the sound of French to English; why baby-talk, though often unintelligible, makes perfect linguistic sense; why babies born deaf still babble -- but with their hands; why the grammars of some languages may be evolutionarily stronger than others; and why one of the brain's earliest achievements may in fact be its most complex. Yang also puts forth an exciting new theory. Building on Noam Chomsky's notion of a universal grammar -- the idea that every human being is born with an intuitive grasp of grammar -- Yang argues that we learn our native languages in part by unlearning the grammars of all the rest. This means that the next time you hear a child make a grammatical mistake, it may not be a mistake at all; his or her grammar may be perfectly correct in Chinese or Navajo or ancient Greek. This is the brain's way of testing its options as it searches for the local and thus correct grammar -- and then discards all the wrong ones. And we humans, Yang shows, are not the only creatures who learn this way. In fact, learning by unlearning may be an ancient evolutionary mechanism that runs throughout the animal kingdom. Thus, babies learn to talk in much the same way that birds learn to sing. Enlivened by Yang's experiences with his own young son, The Infinite Gift is as charming as it is challenging, as thoughtful as it is thought-provoking. An absorbing read for parents, educators, and anyone who has ever wondered about the origins of that uniquely human gift: our ability to speak and, just as miraculous, to understand one another.
An investigation of how children balance rules and exceptions when they learn languages. All languages have exceptions alongside overarching rules and regularities. How does a young child tease them apart within just a few years of language acquisition? In this book, drawing an economic analogy, Charles Yang argues that just as the price of goods is determined by the balance between supply and demand, the price of linguistic productivity arises from the quantitative considerations of rules and exceptions. The learner postulates a productive rule only if it results in a more efficient organization of language, with the number of exceptions falling below a critical threshold. Supported by a wide range of cases with corpus evidence, Yang's Tolerance Principle gives a unified account of many long-standing puzzles in linguistics and psychology, including why children effortlessly acquire rules of language that perplex otherwise capable adults. His focus on computational efficiency provides novel insight on how language interacts with the other components of cognition and how the ability for language might have emerged during the course of human evolution.
Great Expectations is hailed as Charles Dickens' masterpiece. A gripping tale of love and loss, aspiration and moral redemption, the story follows the young orphan Xiaomao (Pip) from poverty to a life of unexpected opportunity and wealth. In Part 2, Xiaomao leaves his life of poverty behind to seek his fortunes in Shanghai and win the heart of the beautiful yet cold-hearted Bingbing (Estella). Xiaomao’s world is turned upside down when his mysterious benefactor is revealed and his deepest secrets are brought into the light of day. Mandarin Companion is a series of easy-to-read novels in Chinese that are fun to read and proven to accelerate language learning. Every book in the Mandarin Companion series is carefully written to use characters, words, and grammar that a learner is likely to know. Level 2 is intended for Chinese learners at a low intermediate level, equivalent to roughly two to three years of formal study. Most learners who have been able to fluidly read Mandarin Companion Level 1 should be able to read this book. This series is designed to combine the simplicity of characters with an easy-to-understand storyline that helps learners grow their vocabulary and language comprehension abilities. The more they read, the better they will become at reading and grasping the Chinese language. Visit www.MandarinCompanion.com for updates on the newest titles and learning resources.
What is it like to be a researcher or a scientist? For young people, including graduate students and junior faculty members in universities, how can they identify good ideas for research? How do they conduct solid research to verify and realize their new ideas? How can they formulate their ideas and research results into high-quality articles, and publish them in highly competitive journals and conferences? What are effective ways to supervise graduate students so that they can establish themselves quickly in their research careers? In this book, Ling and Yang answer these questions in a step-by-step manner with specific and concrete examples from their first-hand research experience. Table of Contents: Acknowledgments / Preface / Basics of Research / Goals of Ph.D. Research / Getting Started: Finding New Ideas and Organizing Your Plans / Conducting Solid Research / Writing and Publishing Papers / Misconceptions and Tips for Paper Writing / Writing and Defending a Ph.D. Thesis / Life After Ph.D. / Summary / References / Author Biographies
Great Expectations is hailed as Charles Dickens' masterpiece. A gripping tale of love and loss, aspiration and moral redemption, the story follows the young orphan Xiaomao (Pip) from poverty to a life of unexpected opportunity and wealth. In Part 1, Xiaomao is raised by his short-tempered older sister and her husband who run a small repair shop in the outskirts of Shanghai. Xiaomao dreams of leaving his life of poverty behind after becoming playmates with the beautiful Bingbing (Estella), daughter of the eccentric Bai Xiaojie (Ms. Havisham). His prospects for the future are bleak, until one day a mysterious benefactor gives Xiaomao the opportunity of a lifetime. Mandarin Companion is a series of easy-to-read novels in Chinese that are fun to read and proven to accelerate language learning. Every book in the Mandarin Companion series is carefully written to use characters, words, and grammar that a learner is likely to know. Level 2 is intended for Chinese learners at a low intermediate level, equivalent to roughly two to three years of formal study. Most learners who have been able to fluidly read Mandarin Companion Level 1 should be able to read this book. This series is designed to combine the simplicity of characters with an easy-to-understand storyline that helps learners grow their vocabulary and language comprehension abilities. The more they read, the better they will become at reading and grasping the Chinese language. Visit www.MandarinCompanion.com for updates on the newest titles and learning resources.
Traditionally, genetics laboratory exercises at the university level focus on mono- and dihybrid crosses and phenotypic analysis—exercises under traditional time, materials, and process constraints. Lately, molecular techniques such as gene cloning, polymerase chain reactions (PCR), and bioinformatics are being included in many teaching laboratories—where affordable. Human chromosome analysis, when present at all, has often been restricted to simple identification of chromosomes by number, through the usual “cut-and-paste” method. Although several online karyotyping (chromosome identification) programs have become available, they are not meaningful for studying the dynamics of the chromosome system, nor do they help students understand genetics as a discipline. The software that accompanies this book has been shown to be an ideal tool for learning about genetics, which requires a combination of understanding, conceptualization, and practical experience.
I Ching created from keen observation of the nature in the universe. The key components of Yi Jing are the yin and yang duality, the four phenomena, trigram, two sets of eight trigrams, the 64 hexagrams, two sets of 64 trigrams. The yin and yang duality of the universe posited in Yi Jing correlates with the matter duality of the universe theorized in quantum mechanics. The four phenomena are two sets of four yin and yang configurations. They correlate with DNA and RNA four chemicals configuration. Trigram is the triple yin and yang configuration, it correlates with codon which is the three-chemical configuration in DNA and RNA. The two sets of 64 trigrams in Yi Jing correlate with the two sets of 64 codons in DNA and RNA. Yi Jings hexagrams and lines are the external factors of changes that offer seekers accurate advice for dilemmatic issues in oracle use.
The first clinical textbook of acumoxa therapy dating from the third century - and one of the four great Chinese acupuncture classics - this book is so authoritative that it has provided the framework and standard for all subsequent acupuncture textbooks in China. It contains all the most important passages of the Su Wen and Ling Shu, collated, edited, and arranged according to topic.
What is it like to be a researcher or a scientist? For young people, including graduate students and junior faculty members in universities, how can they identify good ideas for research? How do they conduct solid research to verify and realize their new ideas? How can they formulate their ideas and research results into high-quality articles, and publish them in highly competitive journals and conferences? What are effective ways to supervise graduate students so that they can establish themselves quickly in their research careers? In this book, Ling and Yang answer these questions in a step-by-step manner with specific and concrete examples from their first-hand research experience. Table of Contents: Acknowledgments / Preface / Basics of Research / Goals of Ph.D. Research / Getting Started: Finding New Ideas and Organizing Your Plans / Conducting Solid Research / Writing and Publishing Papers / Misconceptions and Tips for Paper Writing / Writing and Defending a Ph.D. Thesis / Life After Ph.D. / Summary / References / Author Biographies
An oft-repeated adage among telecommunication providers goes, “There are ve things that matter: reliability, reliability, reliability, time to market, and cost. If you can’t do all ve, at least do the rst three. ” Yet, designing and operating reliable networks and services is a Herculean task. Building truly reliable components is unacceptably expensive, forcing us to c- struct reliable systems out of unreliable components. The resulting systems are inherently complex, consisting of many different kinds of components running a variety of different protocols that interact in subtle ways. Inter-networkssuch as the Internet span multiple regions of administrative control, from campus and cor- rate networks to Internet Service Providers, making good end-to-end performance a shared responsibility borne by sometimes uncooperative parties. Moreover, these networks consist not only of routers, but also lower-layer devices such as optical switches and higher-layer components such as rewalls and proxies. And, these components are highly con gurable, leaving ample room for operator error and buggy software. As if that were not dif cult enough, end users understandably care about the performance of their higher-level applications, which has a complicated relationship with the behavior of the underlying network. Despite these challenges, researchers and practitioners alike have made trem- dous strides in improving the reliability of modern networks and services.
Would you like to add the capabilities of the Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) as a storage element in your silicon integrated logic circuits, and as a trimming sector in your high voltage driver and other silicon integrated analog circuits? Would you like to learn how to embed the NVM into your silicon integrated circuit products to improve their performance?This book is written to help you.It provides comprehensive instructions on fabricating the NVM using the same processes you are using to fabricate your logic integrated circuits. We at our eMemory company call this technology the embedded Logic NVM. Because embedded Logic NVM has simple fabrication processes, it has replaced the conventional NVM in many traditional and new applications, including LCD driver, LED driver, MEMS controller, touch panel controller, power management unit, ambient and motion sensor controller, micro controller unit (MCU), security ID setting tag, RFID, NFC, PC camera controller, keyboard controller, and mouse controller. The recent explosive growth of the Logic NVM indicates that it will soon dominate all NVM applications. The embedded Logic NVM was invented and has been implemented in users' applications by the 200+ employees of our eMemory company, who are also the authors and author-assistants of this book.This book covers the following Logic NVM products: One Time Programmable (OTP) memory, Multiple Times Programmable (MTP) memory, Flash memory, and Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM). The fundamentals of the NVM are described in this book, which include: the physics and operations of the memory transistors, the basic building block of the memory cells and the access circuits.All of these products have been used continuously by the industry worldwide. In-depth readers can attain expert proficiency in the implementation of the embedded Logic NVM technology in their products.
Fueled by its surging economic strength, China has been increasingly utilizing economic tools such as trade, foreign aid, foreign direct investment, and sanctions to pursue strategic and security interests on the world stage. This approach, known as economic statecraft, has thus far received mixed policy results and ambivalent reactions from the international community. This book presents a collection of global assessment of China's economic statecraft. The contributors to this volume answer three key questions: What are the challenges faced by China’s economic statecraft? Why is China sometimes able to achieve its foreign policy objectives via economic statecraft and sometimes not? How do foreign countries, particularly the targets of China’s economic statecraft, respond to China's strategies? This comprehensive study examines economic statecraft in the context of more than a dozen nations and international organizations across four continents, thus providing a truly global perspective.
Seandainya hidup memberiku kesempatan, aku akan mengorbankan apa saja untukmu. Inggris abad 17, Lucie Manette tinggal bersama sang ayah, Dokter Manette, mantan korban kekejaman bangsawan Perancis. Kecantikan dan kebaikan hati Lucie merebut hati Charles Darnay, bangsawan pelarian Perancis. Bak gayung bersambut, Lucie pun tertarik pada Charles. Sydney Carton, yang membantu pelarian Charles sebenarnya juga mencintai Lucie. Namun Sydney memilih memendam perasaannya karena dia sadar, dirinya yang serampangan tak pantas bersanding dengan Lucie. Revolusi Perancis pecah dan Charles dipanggil pulang ke negaranya untuk menyelamatkan nyawa seorang teman. Tetapi, dia malah dijebloskan ke penjara, bahkan diancam hukuman mati gara-gara dosa masa lalu ayah dan pamannya. Demi Lucie, Dokter Manette melakukan segala upaya untuk membebaskan Charles dari Pisau Guillotine. Namun apakah pengaruh Dokter Manette saja cukup? Di saat-saat kritis, muncul pertolongan dari seseorang yang tak terduga. Pertolongan berlandaskan cinta. Terjual lebih dari dua ratus juta eksemplar di seluruh dunia, A Tale of Two Cities adalah novel terlaris sepanjang masa. Karya Dickens ini juga telah diadaptasi ke layar lebar sebanyak tujuh kali. Salah satunya, yang rilis pada tahun 1935, mendapat nominasi Academy Award for Best Picture. [Mizan Publishing, Novel, Terjemahan, Best Seller, Internasional, Indonesia]
Huai-nan Tzu (139BC) was viewed, for its great diversity of subject-matter, ideas and style, by traditional Chinese scholars as a composite work of the Eclectic School. It is the author's contention, however, that one overriding concern pervades the work: the attempt to define the essential conditions for a Taoist political utopianism. The present study emphasizes Chapter Six of Huai-nan Tzu in expounding the theory of kan-ying STIMULUS-RESPONSE; RESONANCE, which postulates that all things in the universe are interrelated and influence each other according to pre-set patterns. Only in the True Man, who is 'one with Tao' and 'attuned to the cosmos', does kan-ying attain its ultimate realization, 'the Great Peace' and 'the Great Merging'. 'After all,' concludes the author, ' it is in Huai-nan Tzu that we find the statement
Peace on Earth: The Role of Religion in Peace and Conflict Studies provides a critical analysis of faith and religious institutions in peacebuilding practice and pedagogy. The work captures the synergistic relationships among faith traditions and how multiple approaches to conflict transformation and peacebuilding result in a creative process that has the potential to achieve a more detailed view of peace on earth, containing breadth as well as depth. Library and bookstore shelves are filled with critiques of the negative impacts of religion in conflict scenarios. Peace on Earth: The Role of Religion in Peace and Conflict Studies offers an alternate view that suggests religious organizations play a more complex role in conflict than a simply negative one. Faith-based organizations, and their workers, are often found on the frontlines of conflict throughout the world, conducting conflict management and resolution activities as well as advancing peacebuilding initiatives.
The Master Key System adalah salah satu buku klasik dalam tradisi "ilmu tentang pikiran". Tenggelam hampir seratus tahun lamanya, karya abadi Charles F. Haanel ini ditemukan kembali agar bisa dimanfaatkan oleh pembaca masa kini. Disunting oleh Ruth L. Miller agar relevan dengan pembaca di abad ke-21, buku ini memuat konsep kearifan sistem Haanel yang telah teruji oleh waktu dan menyajikan teknik-tekni untuk membuka energi dan kekuatan kreatif. Buku ini bukan hanya tentang cara berpikir positif, namun juga akan membantu Anda meretas jalan menuju sukses.Internalisasi konsep-konsep dalam buku ini akan membantu Anda menarik apa pun yang Anda inginkan dalam hidup.+ Sumber semua kekuatan ada dalam batin.+ Prinsip yang melandasi terwujudnya pikiran adalah Hukum Tarik-Menarik.+ Akal bawah sadar Anda bisa dan akan memecahkan semua masalah.+ Satu gagasan bisa bernilai jutaan dolar bila muncul dari kerangka pikiran yang benar.+ Rahasia pemecahan setiap masalah bersumber kepada Keberanian Sejati Spiritual.+ Kelimpahan adalah hukum alam Semesta.+ Kecemasan, ketakutan, dan pikiran negatif akan menghasilkan hal yang serupa--kita menuai apa yang kita tanam.+ Akal Semesta adalah sumber kearifan, kekuatan, dan kecerdasan.
Public speaking wajib dimiliki oleh siapa pun yang ingin sukses. Dan, semua kiat-kiatnya telah dikupas tuntas dalam buku ini. Selamat untuk Charles Bonar Sirait dan Bunga Sirait. Sandiaga Uno Pengusaha Setiap orang yang ingin menjadi pemenang di dalam era globalisasi, harus mau belajar secara terus-menerus. Salah satu yang harus terus diasah adalah kemampuan menyampaikan gagasan, khususnya kepada khalayak ramai. Tepatlah jika Charles Bonar Sirait dan Bunga Sirait menekankan hal itu pula dalam bukunya. Selamat membaca buku ini. Selamat kepada Charles Bonar Sirait dan Bunga Sirait atas karyanya yang berharga ini. Suryopratomo Direktur Pemberitaan dan Host Economic Challenges Metro TV Di era kompetisi yang serba cepat seperti sekarang, semua profesi menuntut kita untuk dapat berbicara dengan baik di forum-forum bisnis, seperti rapat, presentasi, paparan publik, Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham, sosialisasi produk dan program, pengajuan proposal, peluncuran produk dan program, jumpa pers dan lain sebagainya. Kemampuan berbicara di forum bisnis sangat penting bagi mereka yang akan dan sudah terjun dalam dunia bisnis, baik dalam kapasitasnya sebagai pemilik bisnis, direktur utama, kepala departemen, manajer madya, supervisor, offi cer, karyawan baru, karyawan magang, atau apa pun jabatan Anda. Buku ini merupakan pengalaman Charles Bonar Sirait di dunia bisnis yang dapat langsung diterapkan baik oleh pemula maupun profesional. Dalam buku ini, Charles mengikutsertakan materi komunikasi internasional yang ditulisnya bersama Dinna Wisnu, seorang doktor Ilmu Politik dari Ohio State University, Amerika Serikat. Selain itu, dibahas pula mengenai komunikasi dalam era krisis ekonomi. Ditulis dengan bahasa yang sangat ringan dan gaya penulisan bercerita, buku yang menyenangkan ini wajib dibaca oleh semua sumber daya manusia dalam organisasi bisnis yang mau menjadi public speaker andal.
An original, powerful prescription to prevent stress and enhance health, this book will appeal to people who are looking for better ways to manage stress as well as practitioners of, or those interested in, Chinese and alternative medicines, acupuncture, Eastern thought, and self-help psychology Based on his thirty years of using acupuncture in an integrative medical practice, Power of the Five Elements presents the Five Adaptation Types, Dr. Charles Moss’s modern application of the Five Elements of Chinese medicine. If you are ready to increase your energy levels, improve your mood, and reduce your risk for serious illness, get started today and discover your Adaptation Type through Power of the Five Elements. This book provides you with: • A roadmap to understanding why you react to stress the way you do and a comprehensive new approach to improving your ability to adapt • A fascinating synthesis, presented for the first time, of the ancient wisdom of Taoist Chinese Medicine and current mind-body research • Case histories and questionnaires to identify your Adaptation Type and specific, individualized recommendations—behavioral changes, exercises, meditations—to improve adaptation, reduce stress, and enhance healthy aging • A clear understanding of the importance of lowering abnormal levels of cortisol, the main stress hormone associated with heart disease, diabetes, and cancer
This volume is the first serious attempt to reconstruct Ding Ling's biography during the last few decades of her life. Most Westerners know her as a progressive woman writer who became famous during the May 4 Movement, championed its values in Yan'an and was criticized in the rectification campaigns that followed. Few know about her life afterward and the arduous process of rehabilitation. Here for the first time readers will learn about her life in the Great Northern Wasteland, solitary confinement in Qincheng prison, her visit to the United States, participation in the spiritual pollution campaign, and finally, the attempt to launch the journal China. All of this puts a new perspective on the life of one of China's most preeminent woman writers. Alber includes considerable new information about the rectification campaigns of the late fifties, supplemented by a series of interviews with the author and her contemporaries in the years 1980 and 1981, the very point when she began to turn left and to compromise her progressive beliefs. Ding Ling is generally acknowledged as a major figure of the May 4 Movement and an ardent admirer of Lu Xun. As such, the study sheds light on the legacy of China's greatest writer and the influence of Western ideals on contemporary Chinese literature. The primary audience is the educated reader who has an interest in contemporary Chinese literature and politics. It should be especially interesting to women, but the coverage is broad enough to include anyone interested in the intellectual history of China.
Network Reliability: Experiments with a Symbolic Algebra Environment examines two intertwined topics: computational methods for computing bounds on three measures of network reliability, and a symbolic algebra system to support these computations. It describes, in algorithmic outlines, efficient techniques for reliability bounds and discusses the implementation of the techniques. It explores all-terminal reliability, two-terminal reliability, and reliability of interconnection networks. Consistent with real-world experience, the computational environment and results are strongly supported by sound theoretical development.
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