The rapid, commercially-driven evolution of the Internet has raised concomitant legal concerns that have required responses from both national and international law. This unique text offers a complete analysis of electronic and mobile commerce, exploring the law relating to online contracts and payment systems, electronic marketing, and various forms of cybercrime as well as the regulation of electronic communications networks and services. Written by specialists, this account also provides insights into emerging areas such as internet libel, online gambling, virtual property, cloud computing, smart cards, electronic cash, and the growing use of mobile phones to perform tasks previously carried out by computers.
Economics and the Challenge of Global Warming is a balanced and comprehensive analysis of the role of economics in confronting global warming, the central environmental issue of the twenty-first century. It avoids a technical exposition in order to reach a wide audience and is up to date in its theoretical and empirical underpinnings. It is addressed to all who have some knowledge of economic concepts and a serious interest in how economics can (and cannot) help in crafting climate policy. The book is organized around three central questions. First, can benefit-cost analysis guide us in setting warming targets? Second, what strategies and policies are cost-effective? Third, and most difficult, can a global agreement be forged between rich and poor, North and South? While economic concepts are foremost in the analysis, they are placed within an accessible ethical and political matrix. The book serves as a primer for the post-Kyoto era.
Economics and the Global Environment is a path-breaking, comprehensive analysis of how economic and environmental systems mesh in the international context. The book investigates if and how environmental resources, such as global climate, genetic diversity, and transboundary pollution can be managed in an international system of sovereign states without a Global Environment Protection Agency. It also considers traditional international economics - theory and policy - and explores how they can be expanded to accommodate environmental values. Until recently, trade theory and trade policy neglected pollution and environmental degradation. This situation has changed dramatically, and the controversial and corrosive issues of trade and the environment are here given careful analysis. These topics are enriched by a concise presentation of the principles of environmental economics, and a thoughtful treatment of sustainable development. The book will appeal to students and practitioners of trade and development, as well as the environmental community.
For much of its history, human population growth increased at a glacial pace. The demographic rate only soared about 200 years ago, climaxing between the years 1950 and 2000. In that 50-year span, the population grew more than it had in the previous 5,000 years. Though these raw numbers are impressive, they conceal the fact that the growth rate of population topped out in the 1960s and may be negative later this century. The population boom is approaching a population bust, despite the current world population of seven billion people. In On the Cusp, economist Charles Pearson explores the meaning of this population trend from the arc of demographic growth to decline. He reviews Thomas Malthus's famous, but mistaken, 1798 argument that human population would exceed the earth's carrying capacity. That argument has resurfaced, however, in the current environmental era and under the threat of global warming. Analyzing population trends through dual lenses -- demography and economics -- Pearson examines the potential opportunities and challenges of population decline and aging. Aging is almost universal and will accelerate. Mitigating untoward economic effects may require policies to boost fertility (which has plunged), increase immigration, and work longer, harder, and smarter -- as well as undertake pension and health care reform, all of which have hidden costs. The writing is rigorous but not technical, and is complemented by a helpful set of figures and tables. Sharp, bold, and occasionally funny, Pearson's research has thought-provoking implications for future public policies. He ends his analysis with a modestly hopeful conclusion, noting that both the rich and the poor face a new demographic order. General readers and students alike will find On the Cusp an informative and engaging read.
Composed almost entirely of abstracts of wills, deeds, marriage records, powers of attorney, court orders, church records, cemetery records, tax records, guardianship accounts, etc., this unique work provides substantive evidence of the migration of individuals and families to Virginia or from Virginia to other states, countries, or territories. Although primarily concerned with Virginians, the data are of wide-ranging interest. England, France, Germany, Scotland, Barbados, Jamaica, and twenty-three American states are represented, all entries splendidly tied to court sources and authorities. Each record provides prima facie evidence of places of origin and removal, irrefutably linking individuals to both their old and their new homes, and incidentally naming parents and kinsmen, all 10,000 of whom are listed in alphabetical order in the indexes. It is a safe observation that half of the records, having been exhumed from the most improbable sources (some augmented by the compiler's personal files), are the only ones in existence which can prove the ancestor's identity and origin.
A multidisciplinary approach to understanding the fundamentals of mass spectrometry for bacterial analysis From chemotaxonomy to characterization of targeted proteins, Identification of Microorganisms by Mass Spectrometry provides an overview of both well-established and cutting-edge mass spectrometry techniques for identifying microorganisms. A vital tool for microbiologists, health professionals, and analytical chemists, the text is designed to help scientists select the most effective techniques for use in biomedical, biochemical, pharmaceutical, and bioterror defense applications. Since microbiological applications of mass spectrometry require a basic understanding of both microbiology and analytical chemistry, the editors have incorporated material from both disciplines so that readers from either field will come to understand the necessary principles of the other. Featuring contributions from some of the most recognized experts in both fields, this volume provides specific examples of fundamental methods as well as approaches developed in the last decade, including: * Metastable atom bombardment pyrolysis mass spectrometry * Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) * MALDI time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) of intact bacteria * High-resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) * Electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry Identification of Microorganisms by Mass Spectrometry represents the most comprehensive and up-to-date work on the topic currently available. It is liberally illustrated with figures and tables and covers every aspect of spectrometric identification of microorganisms, including experimental procedures, various means of sample preparation, data analysis, and interpretation of complex mass spectral data.
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