This book is open access under a CC BY license. This book is the first to develop explicit methods for evaluating evidence of mechanisms in the field of medicine. It explains why it can be important to make this evidence explicit, and describes how to take such evidence into account in the evidence appraisal process. In addition, it develops procedures for seeking evidence of mechanisms, for evaluating evidence of mechanisms, and for combining this evaluation with evidence of association in order to yield an overall assessment of effectiveness. Evidence-based medicine seeks to achieve improved health outcomes by making evidence explicit and by developing explicit methods for evaluating it. To date, evidence-based medicine has largely focused on evidence of association produced by clinical studies. As such, it has tended to overlook evidence of pathophysiological mechanisms and evidence of the mechanisms of action of interventions. The book offers a useful guide for all those whose work involves evaluating evidence in the health sciences, including those who need to determine the effectiveness of health interventions and those who need to ascertain the effects of environmental exposures.
This book is open access under a CC BY license. This book is the first to develop explicit methods for evaluating evidence of mechanisms in the field of medicine. It explains why it can be important to make this evidence explicit, and describes how to take such evidence into account in the evidence appraisal process. In addition, it develops procedures for seeking evidence of mechanisms, for evaluating evidence of mechanisms, and for combining this evaluation with evidence of association in order to yield an overall assessment of effectiveness. Evidence-based medicine seeks to achieve improved health outcomes by making evidence explicit and by developing explicit methods for evaluating it. To date, evidence-based medicine has largely focused on evidence of association produced by clinical studies. As such, it has tended to overlook evidence of pathophysiological mechanisms and evidence of the mechanisms of action of interventions. The book offers a useful guide for all those whose work involves evaluating evidence in the health sciences, including those who need to determine the effectiveness of health interventions and those who need to ascertain the effects of environmental exposures.
This authoritative reference contains a vast amount of information about Oriental rugs. Oriental Rugs: A Complete Guide is the first large volume on the subject to be printed in the past forty-five years is meant for the individual who is interested in purchasing his first Oriental Rug, as well as the collector, museum, and rug importer. The volume is divided into three main parts. Part I, entitled "General Discussion devotes one chapter to each of the large rug weaving countries and includes helpful hints as to what the rug buyer should look for in an particular rug. Part II, "Description of Types," is an alphabetical list of all the names that have been used to identify rugs in the past, as well as the names that are being used at present. Each entry is followed by a full discussion and description of the rug. Part III, “Plates,” contains 194 pictures of different types of rugs, complete with descriptive captions for each. Thirty-nine of the plates are in full color. All of the plates are large, allowing the reader to see the design, and in some cases, the colors used in the particular rug.
The introductory chapter of this book presents the concepts of the bene?ts inherent in the study of comparative approach for an effective counterterrorism response on the local law enforcement level and overviews the inception of the project. Throughout the twentieth century and into the twenty-?rst century, especially after the events of September 11, 2001, the legitimacy of law enforcement practices has been cited as a major concern for international criminal justice. As policing pr- titioners and scholars throughout the world shifted focus from a traditional reactive, crime control stance to the need for accountability mechanisms to ensure the s- port of citizenry in combating crime and terrorism, the democratization of policing was seen as the best mechanism for achieving long-term gains in public order at the same time as protecting human rights. While the need to maintain human rights remains an important issue, balancing these concerns with the important public safety interests of societies is paramount.
This book opens with a foreword by special effects pioneer Ray Harryhausen (The 7th Voyage of Sinbad) and a biographical essay on Knight by William Stout (The New Dinosaurs). The autobiographical pieces feature illustrations by Mark Schultz (Xenozoic Tales). To round out the volume, it closes with memories from his granddaughter Rhoda Knight Kalt and appreciations from prominent names in the arts and sciences, from Ray Bradbury to Ian Tattersall. Though Knight once said "No one interests me less than Charles Knight," find out why artists such as Frank Frazetta, Mark Hallett, Doug Henderson, Joe Kubert, Al Williamson, and Bernie Wrightson have said that no one interests them more
This book gives basic facts about litter decomposition studies, which are of guidance for scientists who start studies. Since the publication of the third edition, there has been quite a development not only in the field of litter decomposition but also in supporting branches of science, which are important for fruitful work on and understanding of decomposition of plant litter and sequestration of carbon. A consequence is that ‘old established truths’ are becoming outdated. New knowledge in the fields of phytochemistry and microbial ecology has given a new baseline for discussing the concepts ‘litter decomposition’ and ‘carbon sequestration’. We can also see a rich literature on litter decomposition studies using roots and wood as substrates. These have given new insights in factors that regulate the decomposition rate and as regards roots their contribution to sequestered carbon in humus. Additional facts on the role of temperature vs the litters’ chemical composition may in part change our view on effects of climate change. Further information on applications of the new analytical technique (13C-NMR) for determining organic-chemical compounds has allowed us to develop these parts. Focus is laid on needle litter of Scots pine as a model substrate as this species has been considerably more studied than other litter species. Also the boreal/northern temperate coniferous forest has in part been given this role. Still, new information may allow us to develop information about litter from further tree species.
Reason and Rationality in Health and Human Services Delivery is the first book to discuss the topic of decisionmaking and services from a multidisciplinary approach. It uses theory and social considerations, not just technology, as a basis for improved services. Health and human service students and professionals will learn how to form rational and reasonable decisions that take their clients’cultural backgrounds into consideration when identifying an illness or appropriating any kind of intervention. With a particular emphasis on theories, models, organizational settings, technologies, and practitioner training methods that lead to culturally sensitive decisions, Reason and Rationality will help you deliver efficient and improved medical and social services to clients from all ethnic backgrounds. Recognizing reason as the centerpiece of most of Western philosophy, this text reveals how our idea of truth, fact, and order are wrongly thought to be universal; yet, Western principles are continually used in the decision-making process for health and social services. Focusing on the policy implications of decisionmaking in medical and social service settings, this text works to incorporate a broad range of factors into the reasoning process, such as cultural traditions and beliefs, that will result in better treatment for patients. Giving you suggestions and strategies for upgrading reasoning and decision-making processes and applying them to every area of service, Reason and Rationality discusses different themes that will help you improve services to patients, such as: the rationale currently used to justify decision-making strategies concerning medical and human services using computer technology to make clinical assessments revising administrative structure, management theories, and organizational strategies so that decision-making processes enhance the overall quality of service delivery how the practitioner/patient relationship is important in choosing the proper treatment soliciting community-based input to assess the public’s health and human service needs in order to lessen political involvement in decision-making stages In addition, Reason and Rationality provides information and examples that show why you should consider the “life-world”--the values, beliefs, and commitments of a culture’s history-- as the key to understanding the powers of reasoning that specify parameters of health and illness.
This textbook introduces research on dinosaurs by describing the science behind how we know what we know about dinosaurs. A wide range of topics is covered, from fossils and taphonomy to dinosaur physiology, evolution, and extinction. In addition, sedimentology, paleo-tectonics, and non-dinosaurian Mesozoic life are discussed. There is a special opportunity to capitalize on the enthusiasm for dinosaurs that students bring to classrooms to foster a deeper engagement in all sciences. Students are encouraged to synthesize information, employ critical thinking, construct hypotheses, devise methods to test these hypotheses, and come to new defensible conclusions, just as paleontologists do. Key Features Clear and easy to read dinosaur text with well-defined terminology Over 600 images and diagrams to illustrate concepts and aid learning Reading objectives for each chapter section to guide conceptual learning and encourage active reading Companion website (teachingdinosaurs.com) that includes supporting materials such as in-class activities, question banks, lists of suggested specimens, and more to encourage student participation and active learning Ending each chapter with a specific "What We Don’t Know" section to encourage student curiosity Related Titles Singer, R. Encyclopedia of Paleontology (ISBN 978-1-884964-96-1) Fiorillo, A. R. Alaska Dinosaurs: An Ancient Arctic World (ISBN 978-1-138-06087-6) Caldwell, M. W. The Origin of Snakes: Morphology and the Fossil Record (ISBN 978-1-4822-5134-0)
Based on new interviews and research, this ground-breaking biography explores the secret selves behind Marilyn Monroe’s public facades. Marilyn Monroe: her beauty still captivates, her love life still fascinates, and her story still dominates popular culture. Now, drawing on years of research and dozens of new interviews, this biography cuts through decades of lies and secrets and introduces you to the Marilyn Monroe you always wanted to know: a living, breathing, complex woman, bewitching and maddening, brilliant yet flawed. Explored through the lens of new interviews and meticulous research, Marilyn Monroe unveils Marilyn's story against the backdrop of pre-feminist times. Experience her journey from a distressing childhood to the pedestal of stardom, eloquently explaining her pursuit of ambition in face of a continuous struggle with bipolar disorder. Each phase of her life, marked by celebrated love affairs and heartrending tragedies, is a stepping stone towards immortality. The tell-all narrative includes eye-opening revelations, from the concealed compassionate act of Elizabeth Taylor towards Marilyn to her lost semi-nude love scene with Clark Gable, chronicling the few nights before her death with Warren Beatty, where she divulges her despair during their fateful encounter. This biography also provides a comprehensive account of her final days, meticulously examining the series of miscommunications and misjudgments contributing to her calamitous end. Embark on this enlightening journey of the life and legacy of Marilyn Monroe.
Volume Two of this retrospective bibliography is both a continuation and an expansion of Volume One (1984). It contains references to Canadian medical-historical literature published between 1984 and 1998, and also includes much additional material published prior to 1984. Finally, it substantially enlarges the content of French-language material. Every effort has been made to be as inclusive as possible of articles, theses, book chapters and books, both in English and in French, relating to the history of medicine. No single electronic source can replace this bibliography. The contents are divided into three sections. The first is a listing of material expressly biographical. Section two lists material under a wide variety of subject headings related to medicine, and the third is a complete listing of the authors who have contributed these articles. Simply organized and easy to use, this bibliography will be of value to historians, archivists, librarians, and anyone interested in the history of medicine.
Thinking whimsically makes serious science accessible. That’s a message that should be taken to heart by all readers who want to learn about evolution. Do Elephants Have Knees? invites readers into serious appreciation of Darwinian histories by deploying the playful thinking found in children’s books. Charles R. Ault Jr. weds children’s literature to recent research in paleontology and evolutionary biology. Inquiring into the origin of origins stories, Ault presents three portraits of Charles Darwin—curious child, twentysomething adventurer, and elderly worm scientist. Essays focusing on the origins of tetrapods, elephants, whales, and birds explain fundamental Darwinian concepts (natural selection, for example) with examples of fossil history and comparative anatomy. The imagery of the children’s story offers a way to remember and recreate scientific discoveries. By juxtaposing Darwin’s science with tales for children, Do Elephants Have Knees? underscores the importance of whimsical storytelling to the accomplishment of serious thinking. Charles Darwin mused about duck beaks and swimming bears as he imagined a pathway for the origin of baleen. A "bearduck" chimera may be a stretch, but the science linking not just cows but also whales to moose through shared ancestry has great merit. Teaching about shared ancestry may begin with attention to Bernard Wiseman’s Morris the Moose. Morris believes that cows and deer are fine examples of moose because they all have four legs and things on their heads. No whale antlers are known, but fossils of four-legged whales are. By calling attention to surprising and serendipitous echoes between children’s stories and challenging science, Ault demonstrates how playful thinking opens the doors to an understanding of evolutionary thought.
Lives - is a collection of short stories, memoirs, poems and essays by members of the Soundwriters. Most of the authors in this book were part of the "Lost Generation" that grew up sandwiched between World War II and Viet Nam. With one exception none were the glamorized heroes or heroines, the warriors and production workers of the Greatest Generation. In fact most were still growing up when the bomb was dropped at Hiroshima. But they remember family characters, trials and tribulations of youth, coming of age, winning and losing, the poverty during the great depression, the struggles of families to escape persecution, blackouts and rationing, the atomic age, a forgotten war in Korea and the continuing struggle. More importantly perhaps, they recognize the joys and sorrows of living, the impact of key decisions, dealing with the health and death of a loved one and the dynamics and satisfaction of aging. Each has had a career, raised a family and faced adversity. All have been moved by their passions and emotions. Some looked to their heritage for strength or inspiration, others became spiritual. All have continued to absorb a world of changes and challenges...most recently computer literacy and line dancing. They are from a wide range of backgrounds: from a Cuban emigrant to a Son of the Revolution, from a daughter of the Nebraska plains to a Hungarian Jew from the Bronx. Among the eight are a Roman Catholic, conservative and secular Jews, a humanist and a member of the Friends Society. Their lives have been tempered by the holocaust, the devastation of alcoholic relatives, divorce, war, nature, family disputes, self doubt, prejudice and sometimes unrequited love; and strengthened by the simple joys of accomplishment and growth, a sincere belief in God, love, romance and just being here. Each has written about a unique set of experiences. Their stories reveal a sensitive appreciation for life, warts and all. Some of the work is remembered history, some fictitious memoirs, some fiction and the rest essays on life. But it is the voice of the author, the storyteller and the visions conjured up that will make the reader laugh or cry, truly believe the work or find it incredulous. Those who keep in mind that each story started with a memory will find much to reflect upon. Excerpts from the stories: "We all went to bed exhausted, but were soon awakened by the sound of shouting and noises in the street. We ran to the window and looked out. We couldnt believe what we saw and heard. Groups of men, some carrying torches, were hurling bricks and rocks at the windows of stores owned by Jews. Shattered glass was everywhere, and beyond the buildings on our street, fires lighted up the sky. We looked at one another in unbelievable fright. We wondered, would we ever get out of Fuerth. What would our life be like from now on? We held one another and prayed to God to protect us." An Unforgettable Night....Helen Wallerstein. "She clutched at my face raking my cheek with a nail. There was a silent second before she stepped back, dropped her head, mumbled an apology and turned away. I stood there dumbfounded.... A plane was missing over the Sea of Japan.... There was no word on survivors. Nothing I could say would make any difference. Suddenly I felt overwhelmed. The trembling urgent grip that shook me to a standstill, the image of her face burned into my memory. More importantly, I knew I had blown it completely. At Kimpo Air Force Base I had steeled myself in a priestly ritual before confronting the body bags and the pale faces of wounded marines. But hours of training and enforced self-discipline had not prepared me to react to random raw reality." Earned Leave.... Charles P. Lamb. "Her death represented the end of an era almost. Now only one member of the 20 Knerl-Hunsberger siblings remained: Uncle Victor, the youngest of Mothers siblings. His death in 1998 closed a chapter of our f
The history of South Carolina Presbyterians between 1925 and 1985 covers a period of great development achieved through many difficulties in church and society. We tell the story not only of the churches belonging to the PCUS, sometimes called "southern Presbyterians," but also African-American churches and institutions in South Carolina established after the Civil War by PCUSA missionaries from the North. For all Presbyterians, events between the World Wars challenged the moral stances birthed by Protestants to build a Christian America. Women's right to vote came to the nation in 1920, but claiming equality of women's roles in mainline churches took decades of advocacy. The Great Depression engulfed the whole nation, eroding funds for churches, missions, and institutions. World War II set the scene for a great period of church expansion. When moral and cultural challenges came from the Civil Rights Movement and the war in Vietnam, the church increasingly began to face these issues and tensions, both theological and social, as they arose among the members of historic denominations. An effort began to reintegrate African-American churches into the Synod of South Carolina. As the Synod of South Carolina was taken up into a larger regional body in 1973, its more conservative churches began to withdraw from the PCUS. Many congregations began to shrink and the resources for mission diminished. In telling this story we hope to provide insights into how Presbyterians in South Carolina contributed to culture, connecting their religious life and practices to a larger social setting. May a fresh look at the recent past stir us to renewal ahead.
Comic melodrama. Little Theatre. Characters: 3 male. 3 female. Interior set. Newly revised! This comic melodrama evokes the 1960's movie thrillers that featured such aging cinematic icons as Bette Davis, Joan Crawford, Lana Turner and Susan Hayward. Faded pop singer, Angela Andrews, is trapped in a corrosive marriage to film producer, Sol Sussman. In her attempt to find happiness with her younger lover, an out of work TV star, Angela murd
Central to this book is the idea that the United States is in the midst of a health care crisis, one that will be exacerbated as the population continues to age. Longino and Murphy trace the philosophical and technological development of the biomedical model and show its inadequacy to deal with the massive chronic disease demand of the present and the future. They argue that the delivery of health care will meet and survive the old age challenge only if the medical system is thoroughly democratized. A more inclusive system must be devised that encourages a more reasonable allocation of resources, gives more attention to prevention, adopts a wider range of non-medical interventions, and invites citizens to become more involved in their own health care and the planning of services.
This exhaustive reference includes new chapters and pedagogical features, as well as—for the first time—content on managing fragility factures. To facilitate fast, easy absorption of the material, this edition has been streamlined and now includes more tables, charts, and treatment algorithms than ever before. Experts in their field share their experiences and offer insights and guidance on the latest technical developments for common orthopaedic procedures, including their preferred treatment options.
[Includes 19 maps and 82 illustrations] Some who have written of World War II in Europe have dismissed the period between 11 Sept. and 16 Dec. 1944 with a paragraph or two. This has been their way of gaining space to tell of the whirlwind advances and more spectacular command decisions of other months. The fighting during Sept., Oct., Nov., and early Dec.belonged to the small units and individual soldiers, the kind of warfare which is no less difficult and essential no matter how seldom it reaches the spectacular. It is always an enriching experience to write about the American soldier-in adversity no less than in glittering triumph. Glitter and dash were conspicuously absent in most of the Siegfried Line fighting. But whatever the period may lack in sweeping accomplishment it makes up in human drama and variety of combat actions. Here is more than fighting within a fortified line. Here is the Hürtgen Forest, the Roer plain, Aachen, and the largest airborne attack of the war. The period also eventually may be regarded as one of the most instructive of the entire war in Europe. A company, battalion, or regiment fighting alone and often unaided was more the rule than the exception. In nuclear war or in so-called limited war in underdeveloped areas, of which we hear so much today, this may well be the form the fighting will assume. As befits the nature of the fighting, this volume is focused upon tactical operations at army level and below. The story of command and decision in higher headquarters is told only when it had direct bearing on the conduct of operations in those sectors under consideration. The logistics of the campaign likewise has been subordinated to the tactical narrative. It is a ground story in the sense that air operations have been included only where they had direct influence upon the ground action.
Neuroanatomy and Physiology of Abdominal Vagal Afferents provides a concise, up-to-date selection of focused reviews of vagal sensory participation in control of gastrointestinal function and behavior. The articles, written by internationally recognized leaders in the field, examine the types of information carried by vagal sensory neurons from the gastrointestinal tract, how the vagal sensory and motor components are arranged and interact with the brain, and the nature of vagal sensory participation in selected aspects of physiology and behavior. Future avenues of research in the area of vagal neuroanatomy and physiology are suggested. Neuroanatomy and Physiology of Abdominal Vagal Afferents is a detailed, informative volume that will benefit neurobiologists, GI physiologists, behavioral scientists, and research gastroenterologists.
Significantly revised and updated, the new edition of this highly regarded reference on the shoulder continues to impress. A multitude of leading international authorities—30% new to this 4th edition—present today’s most comprehensive, in-depth view of the current state of shoulder practice, all in a beautifully illustrated, full-color 2-volume masterwork. They deliver the most up-to-date coverage of shoulder function and dysfunction, along with practical approaches for patient evaluation and balanced discussions of treatment alternatives—open and arthroscopic, surgical and nonsurgical. Greatly expanded and visually enhanced coverage of arthroscopy, as well as many new chapters, provide expert guidance on the latest minimally invasive approaches. New “Critical Points summary boxes highlight key technical tips and pearls, and two DVDs deliver new videos that demonstrate how to perform open and arthroscopic procedures. And now, as an Expert Consult title, this thoroughly updated 4th edition comes with access to the complete fully searchable contents online, as well as videos of arthroscopic procedures from the DVDs—enabling you to consult it rapidly from any computer with an Internet connection. Includes tips and pearls from leaders in the field, as well as their proven and preferred methods. Offers scientifically based coverage of shoulder function and dysfunction to aid in the decision-making process. Provides a balance between open and arthroscopic techniques so you can chose the right procedures for each patient. Includes the entire contents of the book online, fully searchable, as well as procedural videos from the DVDs, for quick, easy anywhere access. Features 30% new expert contributors and new chapters, including Effectiveness Evaluation and the Shoulder, Revision of Rotator Cuff Problems, Management of Complications of Rotator Cuff Surgery, Management of Infected Shoulder Prosthesis, and others, providing you with abundant fresh insights and new approaches. Provides new and expanded material on the management of advanced arthritis and CTA, infected arthroplasty, procedures to manage the stiff shoulder, and much more keeping you on the cusp of the newest techniques. Offers enhanced coverage of shoulder arthroscopy, including basic and advanced techniques and complications, for expert advice on all of the latest minimally invasive approaches. Devotes an entire new chapter to research frontiers to keep you apprised of what’s on the horizon. Incorporates “Critical Points summary boxes that highlight key technical tips and pearls. Uses a new full-color design for optimal visual guidance of arthroscopic views and procedures. Presents new videos on arthroscopic procedures on 2 DVDs to help you master the latest techniques.
This comprehensive reference is clearly destined to become the definitive anatomical basis for all molecular neuroscience research. The three volumes provide a complete overview and comparison of the structural organisation of all vertebrate groups, ranging from amphioxus and lamprey through fishes, amphibians and birds to mammals. This thus allows a systematic treatment of the concepts and methodology found in modern comparative neuroscience. Neuroscientists, comparative morphologists and anatomists will all benefit from: * 1,200 detailed and standardised neuroanatomical drawings * the illustrations were painstakingly hand-drawn by a team of graphic designers, specially commissioned by the authors, over a period of 25 years * functional correlations of vertebrate brains * concepts and methodology of modern comparative neuroscience * five full-colour posters giving an overview of the central nervous system of the vertebrates, ideal for mounting and display This monumental work is, and will remain, unique; the only source of such brilliant illustrations at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels.
Fully updated with completely updated content, exciting new authors, and commentary by national and international experts in the field, Rockwood and Matsen’s The Shoulder, 5th Edition continues its tradition of excellence as the cornerstone reference for effective management of shoulder disorders. This masterwork provides how-to guidance on the full range of both tried-and-true and recent surgical techniques, including both current arthroscopic methods and the latest approaches in arthroplasty. An outstanding editorial team headed by Drs. Charles A. Rockwood, Jr. and Frederick A. Matsen III ensures that you have the tools you need to achieve optimal patient outcomes for any shoulder challenge you encounter. Throughout the book the authors focus on the value of the procedures to patients, showing ways that expense and risk can be minimized. Combines the ‘how to’ for ‘tried and true’ shoulder procedures along with the latest arthroscopic methods for managing shoulder disorders. Focuses on the most challenging open procedures, including those often overlooked in training programs, yet thoroughly reviews the rationale for using minimally invasive arthroscopic techniques whenever possible. Offers scientifically based coverage of shoulder function and dysfunction to aid in the decision-making process. Features new commentaries from international authorities – including dissenting and alternative viewpoints -- and final comments by our editorial experts. Covers new approaches, including reverse total shoulder, the latest rotator cuff repair methods, and the "ream and run" procedure, as well as emerging imaging methods.
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