The central element of the taxpayer's relationship with the law was the protection it afforded to ensure only the correct amount of tax was paid, that it was legally levied and justly administered. These legal safeguards consisted of the fundamental constitutional provision that all taxes had to be consented to in Parliament, local tax administration, and a power to appeal to specialist tribunals and the courts. The book explains how these legal safeguards were established and how they were affected by changing social, economic and political conditions. They were found to be restrictive and inadequate, and were undermined by the increasing dominance of the executive. Though they were significantly recast, they were not destroyed. They proved flexible and robust, and the challenge they faced in Victorian England revealed that the underlying, pervasive constitutional principle of consent from which they drew their legitimacy provided an enduring protection for the taxpayer.
Nineteenth-century governments faced considerable challenges from the rapid, novel and profound changes in social and economic conditions resulting from the industrial revolution. In the context of an increasingly sophisticated and complex government, from the 1830s the specialist and largely lay statutory tribunal was conceived and adopted as the principal method of both implementing the new regulatory legislation and resolving disputes. The tribunal's legal nature and procedures, and its place in the machinery of justice, were debated and refined throughout the Victorian period. In examining this process, this 2007 book explains the interaction between legal constraints, social and economic demand and political expediency that gave rise to this form of dispute resolution. It reveals the imagination and creativity of the legislators who drew on diverse legal institutions and values to create the new tribunals, and shows how the modern difficulties of legal classification were largely the result of the institution's nineteenth-century development.
The Mesolithic in Britain proposes a new division of the Mesolithic period into four parts, each with its distinct character. The Mesolithic has previously been seen as timeless, where little changed over thousands of years. This new synthesis draws on advances in scientific dating to understand the Mesolithic inhabitation of Britain as a historical process. The period was, in fact, a time of profound change: houses, monuments, middens, long-term use of sites and regions, manipulation of the environment and the symbolic deposition of human and animal remains all emerged as significant practices in Britain for the first time. The book describes the lives of the first pioneers in the Early Mesolithic; the emergence of new modes of inhabitation in the Middle Mesolithic; the regionally diverse settlement of the Late Mesolithic; and the radical changes of the final millennium of the period. The first synthesis of Mesolithic Britain since 1932, it takes both a chronological and a regional approach. This book will serve as an essential text for anyone studying the period: undergraduate and graduate students, specialists in the field and community archaeology groups.
The Mackay edition of Where to Live Guides unearths a paradise that awaits discovery. Located mid-way between Brisbane and Cairns, that Mackay Region is abundantly blessed with all that makes life good. It boasts some of Australia's most scenic coastline, lush rainforests and a sea bejewelled with isles dipped in gold. The City of Mackay thrives as a service hub for surrounding Shires and as a result, the local economy is booming and development planned on an impressive scale. In the pages of this guide, we'll share with you the reasons why the living in Mackay is easy, how adventure and relaxation go hand in hand and why the region is considered to be such a hot investor market.
Adelaide has long been viewed a fertile hunting groundfor property investors. A city in the grip of ambitiousresidential development and urban renewal projects, it isranked by The Economist as one of the world's most"liveable cities". Finally, Adelaide's secrets have beenrevealed to all in this, the first guide to the SouthAustralia's residential suburbs. Written by locals andverified for factual accuracy by Government, thisambitious book should be considered essential reading byanyone considering relocation to - or investment in - thecapital city of South Australia. The latest from theWhere to Live series of guides for Australia, it's packedwith information that will help readers quickly identifythe best streets, smart buys and property hot spotsacross Metropolitan South Australia, and is peppered withcolourful photos for each location.
A glorious coffee table publication that details the history of each location where P&O Australian Resorts operate in Australia. Sustainable operations and recreational opportunities are also shared, along with recipes from resort chefs.
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