This book aims to introduce the principle and design of various foundations, covering shallow foundations, mat foundations, earth retaining structures, excavations, pile foundations, and slope stability. Since the analysis and design of a foundation are based on the soil properties under short-term (undrained) or long-term (drained) conditions, the assessment of soil properties from the geotechnical site investigation and the concept of drained or undrained soil properties are discussed in the first two chapters. Foundation elements transfer various load combinations from the superstructure to the underlying soils or rocks. The load transfer mechanisms, vertical stress or earth pressure distributions, and failure modes of each foundation type are clearly explained in this book. After understanding the soil responses subjected to the loadings from the foundation, the design methods, required factors of safety, and improvement measures for each foundation type are elaborated. This book presents both theoretical explication and practical applications for readers to easily comprehend the theoretical background, design methods, and practical applications and considerations. Each chapter provides relevant exercise examples and a problem set for self-practice. The analysis methods introduced in the book can be applied in actual analysis and design as they contain the most up-to-date knowledge of foundation design. This book is suitable for teachers and students to use in foundation engineering courses and engineers who are engaged in foundation design to create a technically sound, construction-feasible, and economical design of the foundation system.
Uniting classical and modern photonics approaches by presenting optical analyses as solutions of Maxwell's equations, this unique book enables students and practising engineers to fully understand the similarities and differences between the different methods. The book begins with a thorough discussion of plane wave analysis, which provides a clear understanding of optics without considering boundary condition or device configuration. It then goes on to cover diffraction analysis of many applications, including a rigorous analysis of TEM waves using Maxwell's equations with boundaries. Laser cavity modes and Gaussian beams are presented, modal analysis is covered, and approximation methods are discussed (including the perturbation technique, coupled mode analysis, and super mode analysis). With theory linked to practical examples throughout, it provides a clear understanding of the interplay between plane wave, diffraction and modal analysis, and how the different techniques can be applied to various areas including imaging, signal processing, and optoelectronic devices.
A New York Times Notable Book Empress Dowager Cixi (1835–1908) is the most important woman in Chinese history. She ruled China for decades and brought a medieval empire into the modern age. At the age of sixteen, in a nationwide selection for royal consorts, Cixi was chosen as one of the emperor’s numerous concubines. When he died in 1861, their five-year-old son succeeded to the throne. Cixi at once launched a palace coup against the regents appointed by her husband and made herself the real ruler of China—behind the throne, literally, with a silk screen separating her from her officials who were all male. In this groundbreaking biography, Jung Chang vividly describes how Cixi fought against monumental obstacles to change China. Under her the ancient country attained virtually all the attributes of a modern state: industries, railways, electricity, the telegraph and an army and navy with up-to-date weaponry. It was she who abolished gruesome punishments like “death by a thousand cuts” and put an end to foot-binding. She inaugurated women’s liberation and embarked on the path to introduce parliamentary elections to China. Chang comprehensively overturns the conventional view of Cixi as a diehard conservative and cruel despot. Cixi reigned during extraordinary times and had to deal with a host of major national crises: the Taiping and Boxer rebellions, wars with France and Japan—and an invasion by eight allied powers including Britain, Germany, Russia and the United States. Jung Chang not only records the Empress Dowager’s conduct of domestic and foreign affairs, but also takes the reader into the depths of her splendid Summer Palace and the harem of Beijing’s Forbidden City, where she lived surrounded by eunuchs—one of whom she fell in love, with tragic consequences. The world Chang describes here, in fascinating detail, seems almost unbelievable in its extraordinary mixture of the very old and the very new. Based on newly available, mostly Chinese, historical documents such as court records, official and private correspondence, diaries and eyewitness accounts, this biography will revolutionize historical thinking about a crucial period in China’s—and the world’s—history. Packed with drama, fast paced and gripping, it is both a panoramic depiction of the birth of modern China and an intimate portrait of a woman: as the concubine to a monarch, as the absolute ruler of a third of the world’s population, and as a unique stateswoman.
This one-semester textbook teaches students Electromagnetic Waves, via an early introduction to Maxwell’s Equations in the first chapter. Mathematics fundamentals are used as needed, but rigor is de-emphasized in preference to understanding the basic ideas and principles of EM waves. Each chapter includes extensive, step-by-step, solved examples, as well as abundant exercises. Designed for a one-semester course in electromagnetic waves; Introduces Maxwell’s equations in the first chapter; De-emphasizes mathematical rigor in order to make key ideas and principles easy to understand; Makes material accessible to readers of varying backgrounds, with extensive use of solved examples; Includes abundant exercises for each chapter.
This illustrated encyclopedia examines the unique influence and contributions of women in every era of American history, from the colonial period to the present. It not only covers the issues that have had an impact on women, but also traces the influence of women's achievements on society as a whole. Divided into three chronologically arranged volumes, the set includes historical surveys and thematic essays on central issues and political changes affecting women's lives during each period. These are followed by A-Z entries on significant events and social movements, laws, court cases and more, as well as profiles of notable American women from all walks of life and all fields of endeavor. Primary sources and original documents are included throughout.
As part of “China’s south,” Southeast Asia has historically assumed a peripheral position when juxtaposed against the power of the Chinese state. In the existing scholarly literature, the power asymmetry is reflected in the ostensible bias where most studies are about China’s presence in or engagement with Southeast Asia rather than the reverse; studies on the presence or influence of Southeast Asia in China have been a marginal enterprise. The present volume aims to fill this void by exploring the historical entanglements and contemporary engagements of Southeast Asia(ns) in China through a Southeast Asian perspective. As China seeks to understand Southeast Asia’s presence in the country on its own terms, it is also engaged in a process of self-discovery and defining where and how it should stand in relation to the region. Departing from the discourse of China as the a priori center dominating the scholarship on China–Southeast Asia relations, the present volume hopes to subvert such power relations in order to bring fresh perspectives on the historical and contemporary contributions of Southeast Asia(ns) in China.
This thought-provoking and skillfully executed book offers fresh theoretical and empirical insights into questions of eminent domain compensation. Chang's analysis of this interesting and important area is illuminating and sure to spark further dialogue.' – Lee Anne Fennell, University of Chicago Law School, US 'Chang's book represents the state of the art in the legal, economic, and political analysis of compensation for physical takings. Writing with analytical skill and clarity, Chang makes a strong case for fair market value compensation with financial bonuses to properly incentivize assessors.' – Daniel L. Rubinfeld, University of California, Berkeley, US This innovative volume offers a thorough breakdown of the issues surrounding takings compensation – payments made as reimbursement for government takeover of private property. Using examples from New York City and Taiwan, Yun-chien Chang discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different methods of compensation and offers insightful suggestions for future implementation. In an effort to fill the gaps in the current literature, the author identifies the five previously recognized types of compensation – zero, current value, fair market value, economic value and project value compensation – and uses a combination of previous research and new data to determine which is the most economically efficient. In doing so, he sets out a concrete methodology for the evaluation of takings compensation strategies that should prove vital to future policy decisions. Students and professors of law, economics and public policy will find much of interest in the author's careful analysis, as will policymakers and other government officials working on similar land use issues.
Pastor David Kwang-shin Kim has shown us that a single man bound by his faith can be mightier and more influential than a million individuals whose interests are only their own. The Holy Spirit led Missionary Kim Tae-won to receive the offering. Missionary Kim followed, “If you came to give an offering, then give it.” Then, the young couple gave him an envelope with a check for 80 million won ($100,000). If the People’s Security came to detain Lee while he was leading worship and holding rallies, the two drivers from the intelligence agency always vouched for him.
This book explores rural political change in China from 1850 to 1949 to help us understand China’s transformation from a weak, decaying agrarian empire to a unified, strong nation-state during this period. Based on local gazetteers, contemporary field studies, government archives, personal memoirs and other primary sources, it systematically compares two key macro-regions of rural China – the North China plain and the Yangzi delta – to demonstrate the ways in which the forces of political change, shaped by different local conditions, operated to transform the country. It shows that on the North China plain, the village community composed mainly of owner-cultivators was the focal point for political mobilization, whilst in the Yangzi delta absentee landlordism was exploited by the state for local control and tax extraction. However, these both set the stage, in different ways, for the communist mobilization in the first half of the twentieth century. Peasants and Revolution in Rural China is an important addition to the literature on the history of the Chinese Revolution, and will be of interest to anyone seeking to understand the course of Chinese social and political development.
Our purpose in writing this monograph is twofold. On the one hand, we want to collect in one place many of the recent results on the exist ence and asymptotic behavior of solutions of certain classes of singularly perturbed nonlinear boundary value problems. On the other, we hope to raise along the way a number of questions for further study, mostly ques tions we ourselves are unable to answer. The presentation involves a study of both scalar and vector boundary value problems for ordinary dif ferential equations, by means of the consistent use of differential in equality techniques. Our results for scalar boundary value problems obeying some type of maximum principle are fairly complete; however, we have been unable to treat, under any circumstances, problems involving "resonant" behavior. The linear theory for such problems is incredibly complicated already, and at the present time there appears to be little hope for any kind of general nonlinear theory. Our results for vector boundary value problems, even those admitting higher dimensional maximum principles in the form of invariant regions, are also far from complete. We offer them with some trepidation, in the hope that they may stimulate further work in this challenging and important area of differential equa tions. The research summarized here has been made possible by the support over the years of the National Science Foundation and the National Science and Engineering Research Council.
This book is to expose youths, educators, counsellors and parents to the current demands in the workplace and how there is an urgent need to strengthen and develop deep skills and work-related competencies among youths to prepare them for a more self-fulfilling career path. The reader will realise the importance of eradicating some of the work-related myths and recognise that matching of one's interest and passion has greater priority than salary, prestige or expectations of parents. The book will also expose other essential skills necessary in the transition to the job market such as the role of internship and mentors to assist youths to build their confidence as well as some personal social emotional competencies like their ability to be conscious of their thoughts and emotions as they self-manage and self-regulate themselves so that they are always aware of how to use their strengths to engage and relate with others as they make responsible decisions in their career plans or workplace.
This collection of twenty essays provides an unprecedented overview of Chinese trade through the centuries, highlighting its scope, diversity, complexity, and the commodities that have linked it with Southeast Asia.
A Genealogy of Tropical Architecture traces the origins of tropical architecture to nineteenth century British colonial architectural knowledge and practices. It uncovers how systematic knowledge and practices on building and environmental technologies in the tropics were linked to military technologies, medical theories and sanitary practices, and were manifested in colonial building types such as military barracks, hospitals and housing. It also explores the various ways these colonial knowledge and practices shaped post-war techno scientific research and education in climatic design and modern tropical architecture. Drawing on the interdisciplinary scholarships on postcolonial studies, science studies, and environmental history, Jiat-Hwee Chang argues that tropical architecture was inextricably entangled with the socio-cultural constructions of tropical nature, and the politics of colonial governance and postcolonial development in the British colonial and post-colonial networks. By bringing to light new historical materials through formidable research and tracing the history of tropical architecture beyond what is widely considered today as its "founding moment" in the mid-twentieth century, this important and original book revises our understanding of colonial built environment. It also provides a new historical framework that significantly bears upon contemporary concerns with climatic design and sustainable architecture. This book is an essential resource for understanding tropical architecture and its various contemporary manifestations. Its in-depth discussion and path breaking insights will be invaluable to specialists, academics, students and practitioners.
Electromagnetic Boundary Problems introduces the formulation and solution of Maxwell's equations describing electromagnetism. Based on a one-semester graduate-level course taught by the authors, the text covers material parameters, equivalence principles, field and source (stream) potentials, and uniqueness, as well as:Provides analytical solutions
Provides detailed, comprehensive descriptions of electrostatic processes as well as their applications in areas such as rheology, atomization and spraying, industrial dust particle precipitation and filtering, biomedical engineering, gas treatments, atmospheric electricity, chemical reactors, and electronic devices. Summarizes electrostatic fundamentals and electrical phenomena in solids and fluids.
Condensed matter is one of the most active fields of physics, with a stream of discoveries in areas from superfluidity and magnetism to the optical, electronic and mechanical properties of materials such as semiconductors, polymers and carbon nanotubes. It includes the study of well-characterised solid surfaces, interfaces and nanostructures as well as studies of molecular liquids (molten salts, ionic solutions, liquid metals and semiconductors) and soft matter systems (colloidal suspensions, polymers, surfactants, foams, liquid crystals, membranes, biomolecules etc) including glasses and biological aspects of soft matter. This book presents state-of-the-art research in this exciting field.
Delicious Tofu is a well-researched and carefully-crafted cookbook, written by a native tofu chef. Angela Chang was born in China and raised in Taiwan, where tofu is inseparable from the culinary landscape. The following features are what make this book stand out: • It offers an unprecedented mixture of authentic information with engaging stories from Chinese history, legends, and current tofu culture for reading pleasure, as well as helpful culinary background. • It reveals the fact that tofu is for both meat lovers as well as vegetarians. To achieve the best results, the book introduces a wide range of cooking methods plus traditional and creative dishes. Readers will find a rich repertoire of little known techniques, tips, shortcuts, and even global tofu dining guides. • One chapter is devoted to tofu varieties found in the market, a hidden treasure that even some native tofu users have overlooked. These tofu “jewels” come pre-seasoned and ready to serve, deliciously healthy and convenient options that are worthy of exploration. “Angela Chang’s Delicious Tofu is a marvelous resource for anyone who wants to learn about the history and nature of tofu. Too often we think of tofu as nondescript and uninteresting. Quite the contrary, in the hands of a masterful chef like the author, tofu becomes one of the most remarkable ingredients in the repertoire of human foodstuffs. Encyclopedic in scope and engagingly written, Delicious Tofu is sure to delight and edify novices and cognoscenti alike. - Victor H. Mair, Professor of Chinese Language and Literature, University of Pennsylvania “Angela Chang has been proselytizing for tofu for years, determined to break down the barriers that keep so many Westerners from fully appreciating its delicious versatility. Here she makes it accessible to one and all, with irresistible storytelling and enthusiasm that draws you into her world.” - Faith Bahadrurian, Food writer and restaurant critic “Angela Chang’s debut book was the first to enable me to make authentic home-style Chinese food. Here she’s turned her attention to that most versatile and underappreciated protein, tofu. The result is encyclopedic in scope, chock full of engaging history and informative anecdotes, and a treasure trove of inviting recipes. It may be a cliché to say that one recipe is worth the price of the book, but for me Chang’s Pork & Tofu Stew belies that cliché.” - Pat Tanner, Award-winning food writer, restaurant critic, and radio show host
Attosecond optical pulse generation, along with the related process of high-order harmonic generation, is redefining ultrafast physics and chemistry. A practical understanding of attosecond optics requires significant background information and foundational theory to make full use of these cutting-edge lasers and advance the technology toward the n
Principles of Engineering Tribology: Fundamentals and Applications introduces readers to the core theories and fundamentals of the field, its basic terminology and concepts, as well as advanced topics such as the tribological properties of various engineering surfaces, roughness measurements, and the mechanics of surface contact. The fundamentals of friction and wear of metallic and non-metallic materials such as polymers, ceramics, rubbers, and composites are discussed, as are fluidic, gaseous, grease, and solid media lubrication techniques. In addition, the properties of lubricants and various types of additives incorporated are discussed, along with a methodology for conducting friction, wear and lubrication laboratory testing and an overview of simulation and modeling methods for various tribosystems. Case studies and applications are featured throughout, with a particular emphasis on analyzing failure modes of tribosystems. - Introduces the basic concepts of tribology, building a comprehensive understanding for readers and then covering more advanced topics - Discusses tribological properties of various engineering surfaces, roughness measurements, and mechanics of surface contact - Covers more advanced topics such as fluidic, gaseous, grease, and solid media lubricants, methods for conducing friction and wear laboratory tests, and more - Includes a wide-range of both traditional and state-of-the-art applications and case studies
Machinery Dynamics includes recent advancements in this quickly evolving area, while also analyzing real applications, analyzing integrated systems, and including further discussions on each mechanical component. The book treats mechanisms separately, with different methods depending on the level of accuracy required. The contents of this book is made to suit the needs of MsC and PhD students, researchers and engineers in the areas of design of high speed machinery, condition monitoring of machine operation, and vibration. Addresses theoretical backgrounds on topics, including vibration and elastodynamics Introduces rigid and elastic dynamics of various mechanisms, including linkages, cams, gears and planetary gear trains Features relevant application examples
Ideas influence people. In particular, extremely well-developed sets of ideas shape individuals, groups, and societies in far-reaching ways. This book establishes these “idea systems” as an academic concept. Through three intense episodes of manipulation and mayhem connected to idea systems—Europe’s witch hunts, the Mao Zedong-era “revolutions,” and the early campaign of the U.S. War on Terror—this book charts the cognitive and informational matrices that seize control of people’s mentalities and behaviors across societies. Through these, the author reaches two conclusions. The first, that we are all vulnerable to the dominating influence of our own matrices of ideas and to those woven by others in the social system. The second, that even the most masterful manipulators of idea programs may lose control of the outcomes of programmatic manipulation. Amongst this analysis, sixty-plus central conceptual terminologies are provided for readers to analyze multiform idea systems that exist across space, time, and cultural contexts. This is an open access book.
Principles of Lasers and Optics, first published in 2005, describes both the fundamental principles of the laser and the propagation and application of laser radiation in bulk and guided-wave components. All solid state, gas and semiconductor lasers are analysed uniformly as macroscopic devices with susceptibility originated from quantum mechanical interactions to develop an overall understanding of the coherent nature of laser radiation. Analyses of the unique properties of coherent laser light in bulk and guided-wave components are presented together and derived from fundamental principles, to allow students to appreciate the differences and similarities. Topics covered include discussions on how laser radiation should be analysed, the macroscopic differences and similarities of various analyses, special techniques, types of lasers and setting up laser analyses. This text will be useful for first-year graduates in electrical engineering and physics and also as a reference book on analytical techniques.
Volume 2 presents the fundamental principles related to polymer processign operations including the processing of thermoplastic polymers and thermosets. The objective of this volume is not to provide recipies that necessarily guarantee better product quality. Rather, emphasis is placed on presenting a fundamental approach to effectively analyze processing operations. The specific polymer processing operations for thermoplastics include plasticating single-screw extrusion, morphology evolution during compounding of polymer blends, compatibilization of immiscible polymer blends, wire coating extrusion, fiber spinning, tubular film blowing, coextrusion, and thermoplastic foam extrusion. The specific polymer processing operations for thermosets include reaction injection molding, pultrusion of fiber-reinforced thermosets, and compression molding of thermoset composites.
A study of Nam-fung's Chinese translation of Jonathan Lynn and Antony Jay's classic political satire, Yes Prime Minister, this monograph analyzes the relationship between function, process and product in the art of translation.
The performance of high-speed semiconductor devices—the genius driving digital computers, advanced electronic systems for digital signal processing, telecommunication systems, and optoelectronics—is inextricably linked to the unique physical and electrical properties of gallium arsenide. Once viewed as a novel alternative to silicon, gallium arsenide has swiftly moved into the forefront of the leading high-tech industries as an irreplaceable material in component fabrication. GaAs High-Speed Devices provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-science look at the phenomenally expansive range of engineering devices gallium arsenide has made possible—as well as the fabrication methods, operating principles, device models, novel device designs, and the material properties and physics of GaAs that are so keenly integral to their success. In a clear five-part format, the book systematically examines each of these aspects of GaAs device technology, forming the first authoritative study to consider so many important aspects at once and in such detail. Beginning with chapter 2 of part one, the book discusses such basic subjects as gallium arsenide materials and crystal properties, electron energy band structures, hole and electron transport, crystal growth of GaAs from the melt and defect density analysis. Part two describes the fabrication process of gallium arsenide devices and integrated circuits, shedding light, in chapter 3, on epitaxial growth processes, molecular beam epitaxy, and metal organic chemical vapor deposition techniques. Chapter 4 provides an introduction to wafer cleaning techniques and environment control, wet etching methods and chemicals, and dry etching systems, including reactive ion etching, focused ion beam, and laser assisted methods. Chapter 5 provides a clear overview of photolithography and nonoptical lithography techniques that include electron beam, x-ray, and ion beam lithography systems. The advances in fabrication techniques described in previous chapters necessitate an examination of low-dimension device physics, which is carried on in detail in chapter 6 of part three. Part four includes a discussion of innovative device design and operating principles which deepens and elaborates the ideas introduced in chapter 1. Key areas such as metal-semiconductor contact systems, Schottky Barrier and ohmic contact formation and reliability studies are examined in chapter 7. A detailed discussion of metal semiconductor field-effect transistors, the fabrication technology, and models and parameter extraction for device analyses occurs in chapter 8. The fifth part of the book progresses to an up-to-date discussion of heterostructure field-effect (HEMT in chapter 9), potential-effect (HBT in chapter 10), and quantum-effect devices (chapters 11 and 12), all of which are certain to have a major impact on high-speed integrated circuits and optoelectronic integrated circuit (OEIC) applications. Every facet of GaAs device technology is placed firmly in a historical context, allowing readers to see instantly the significant developmental changes that have shaped it. Featuring a look at devices still under development and device structures not yet found in the literature, GaAs High-Speed Devices also provides a valuable glimpse into the newest innovations at the center of the latest GaAs technology. An essential text for electrical engineers, materials scientists, physicists, and students, GaAs High-Speed Devices offers the first comprehensive and up-to-date look at these formidable 21st century tools. The unique physical and electrical properties of gallium arsenide has revolutionized the hardware essential to digital computers, advanced electronic systems for digital signal processing, telecommunication systems, and optoelectronics. GaAs High-Speed Devices provides the first fully comprehensive look at the enormous range of engineering devices gallium arsenide has made possible as well as the backbone of the technology—ication methods, operating principles, and the materials properties and physics of GaAs—device models and novel device designs. Featuring a clear, six-part format, the book covers: GaAs materials and crystal properties Fabrication processes of GaAs devices and integrated circuits Electron beam, x-ray, and ion beam lithography systems Metal-semiconductor contact systems Heterostructure field-effect, potential-effect, and quantum-effect devices GaAs Microwave Monolithic Integrated Circuits and Digital Integrated Circuits In addition, this comprehensive volume places every facet of the technology in an historical context and gives readers an unusual glimpse at devices still under development and device structures not yet found in the literature.
Singular perturbations occur when a small coefficient affects the highest order derivatives in a system of partial differential equations. From the physical point of view singular perturbations generate in the system under consideration thin layers located often but not always at the boundary of the domains that are called boundary layers or internal layers if the layer is located inside the domain. Important physical phenomena occur in boundary layers. The most common boundary layers appear in fluid mechanics, e.g., the flow of air around an airfoil or a whole airplane, or the flow of air around a car. Also in many instances in geophysical fluid mechanics, like the interface of air and earth, or air and ocean. This self-contained monograph is devoted to the study of certain classes of singular perturbation problems mostly related to thermic, fluid mechanics and optics and where mostly elliptic or parabolic equations in a bounded domain are considered. This book is a fairly unique resource regarding the rigorous mathematical treatment of boundary layer problems. The explicit methodology developed in this book extends in many different directions the concept of correctors initially introduced by J. L. Lions, and in particular the lower- and higher-order error estimates of asymptotic expansions are obtained in the setting of functional analysis. The review of differential geometry and treatment of boundary layers in a curved domain is an additional strength of this book. In the context of fluid mechanics, the outstanding open problem of the vanishing viscosity limit of the Navier-Stokes equations is investigated in this book and solved for a number of particular, but physically relevant cases. This book will serve as a unique resource for those studying singular perturbations and boundary layer problems at the advanced graduate level in mathematics or applied mathematics and may be useful for practitioners in other related fields in science and engineering such as aerodynamics, fluid mechanics, geophysical fluid mechanics, acoustics and optics.
This book presents a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in the domain of optimal guidance, exploring the characteristics of various optimal guidance algorithms and their pros and cons. Optimal guidance is based on the concept of trajectory optimization, which minimizes the meaningful performance index while satisfying certain terminal constraints, and by properly designing the cost function the guidance command can serve as a desired pattern for a variety of mission objectives. The book allows readers to gain a deeper understanding of how optimal guidance law can be utilized to achieve different mission objectives for missiles and UAVs, and also explores the physical meaning and working principle of different new optimal guidance laws. In practice, this information is important in ensuring confidence in the performance and reliability of the guidance law when implementing it in a real-world system, especially in aerospace engineering where reliability is the first priority.
This book presents a substantial description of the principles and applications of digital holography. The first part of the book deals with mathematical basics and the linear filtering theory necessary to approach the topic. The next part describes the fundamentals of diffraction theory and exhaustively details the numerical computation of diffracted fields using FFT algorithms. A thorough presentation of the principles of holography and digital holography, including digital color holography, is proposed in the third part. A special section is devoted to the algorithms and methods for the numerical reconstruction of holograms. There is also a chapter devoted to digital holographic interferometry with applications in holographic microscopy, quantitative phase contrast imaging, multidimensional deformation investigations, surface shape measurements, fluid mechanics, refractive index investigations, synthetic aperture imaging and information encrypting. Keys so as to understand the differences between digital holography and speckle interferometry and examples of software for hologram reconstructions are also treated in brief. Contents 1. Mathematical Prerequisites. 2. The Scalar Theory of Diffraction. 3. Calculating Diffraction by Fast Fourier Transform. 4. Fundamentals of Holography. 5. Digital Off-Axis Fresnel Holography. 6. Reconstructing Wavefronts Propagated through an Optical System. 7. Digital Holographic Interferometry and Its Applications. Appendix. Examples of Digital Hologram Reconstruction Programs
Aims to unpack the complex meanings of 'Chineseness' in post-1998 Indonesia, including the ways in which the policy of multiculturalism enabled such a 'resurgence', the forces that shaped it and the possibilities for 'resinicisation'. This book examines ethnic Chinese self-identify.
On 1 January 2004, the USOCoSingapore Free Trade Agreement (USSFTA)came into force. The USSFTA was the result of a two-year negotiationprocess which started towards the end of the Clinton Administrationand concluded under the Bush Administration. How did the negotiationprocess straddle the two administrations? What is the rationale forthe FTA? What were the unique features of the negotiating process? Wasnegotiating with the US different from negotiating with othercountries? How will the FTA benefit the two countries? What is theimpact on ASEAN, APEC and the WTO? This book captures some of the personal insights thrown up in thenegotiations and offers highlights and analysis of theUSSFTA. Contributors to the volume include the Chief Negotiators ofthe two delegations, the US and Singapore Ambassadors, key negotiatorsand close observers of the process. Selected key documents pertainingto the USSFTA process have also been included. This book is acomprehensive reader on the story behind the negotiations of theUSSFTA.
Over a period of 10 years, scientists from a coalition of international institutions surveyed the biota of the Gaoligong mountains in western Yunnan, China. Focal taxa included selected plants, vertebrates, and arthropods. The study area lies at the heart of one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots and is home to biomes ranging from subtropical forest to tundra. In this special issue, we report on the results of that survey for micro-orbweaving spiders, cryptic animals mostly less than 1 mm long that build delicate, geometric webs. All told, over 1,000 adult micro-orbweavers were collected and sorted to three dozen species, all new to science. The enormous scale of the world’s biodiversity means that science needs data structures to facilitate organization, aggregation, and instant sharing of data. This publication contributes to major aggregators and indexers of electronic biodiversity data including ZooBank, the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), Morphbank, and the Encyclopedia of Life (EOL), supplementing the traditional paper mode. Typical of publications in taxonomy, this paper is composed of several components including the primary biodiversity data (specimen, locality, and related information), media (e.g., photographs and drawings), text elements (e.g., species descriptions), and nomenclature (e.g., new taxonomic names). Once these elements are parsed and absorbed by community databases, they can be disseminated, indexed, and recombined in myriad ways inconceivable for static paper publications. The barely imagined potential of these maturing digital resources makes the early 21st century a very exciting historical moment in taxonomy.
In 1793, Lord Macartney led the first British diplomatic mission to China in over one hundred years. This five-volume reset edition draws together British travel writings about China throughout the next century. The collection ends with the Boxer Uprising which marked the beginning of the end of informal British empire on the Chinese mainland.
Interdisciplinary and Advanced Topics in Science and Engineering, Volume 3: Separation of Flow presents the problem of the separation of fluid flow. This book provides information covering the fields of basic physical processes, analyses, and experiments concerning flow separation. Organized into 12 chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the flow separation on the body surface as discusses in various classical examples. This text then examines the analytical and experimental results of the laminar boundary layer of steady, two-dimensional flows in the subsonic speed range. Other chapters consider the study of flow separation on the two-dimensional body, flow separation on three-dimensional body shape and particularly on bodies of revolution. This book discusses as well the analytical solutions of the unsteady flow separation. The final chapter deals with the purpose of separation flow control to raise efficiency or to enhance the performance of vehicles and fluid machineries involving various engineering applications. This book is a valuable resource for engineers.
The second and first centuries B.C. were a critical period in Chinese history—they saw the birth and development of the new Chinese empire and its earliest expansion and acquisition of frontier territories. But for almost two thousand years, because of gaps in the available records, this essential chapter in the history was missing. Fortunately, with the discovery during the last century of about sixty thousand Han-period documents in Central Asia and western China preserved on strips of wood and bamboo, scholars have been able, for the first time, to put together many of the missing pieces. In this first volume of his monumental history, Chun-shu Chang uses these newfound documents to analyze the ways in which political, institutional, social, economic, military, religious, and thought systems developed and changed in the critical period from early China to the Han empire (ca. 1600 B.C. – A.D. 220). In addition to exploring the formation and growth of the Chinese empire and its impact on early nation-building and later territorial expansion, Chang also provides insights into the life and character of critical historical figures such as the First Emperor (221– 210 B.C.) of the Ch’in and Wu-ti (141– 87 B.C.) of the Han, who were the principal agents in redefining China and its relationships with other parts of Asia. As never before, Chang’s study enables an understanding of the origins and development of the concepts of state, nation, nationalism, imperialism, ethnicity, and Chineseness in ancient and early Imperial China, offering the first systematic reconstruction of the history of Chinese acquisition and colonization. Chun-shu Changis Professor of History at the University of Michigan and is the author, with Shelley Hsueh-lun Chang, ofCrisis and Transformation in Seventeenth-Century ChinaandRedefining History: Ghosts, Spirits, and Human Society in P’u Sung-ling’s World, 1640–1715. “An extraordinary survey of the political and administrative history of early imperial China, which makes available a body of evidence and scholarship otherwise inaccessible to English-readers. The underpinning of research is truly stupendous.” —Ray Van Dam, Professor, Department of History, University of Michigan “Powerfully argues from literary and archaeological records that empire, modeled on Han paradigms, has largely defined Chinese civilization ever since.” —Joanna Waley-Cohen, Professor, Department of History, New York University
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