This book reviews the history and development of rhizobial ecology (diversity, function and interactions with the biotic and abiotic environments), evolution (genome diversification, systematics of symbiotic genes) and application. Further, it describes the new concept of rhizobia, the latest systematic methods, biogeographic study methods, and genomic studies to identify the interactions between rhizobia, legumes and environments. To enable readers to gain a comprehensive understanding of rhizobial biogeography, the book provides effective protocols for the selection and application of high-efficiency rhizobial inoculants. In addition, it presents standard and modern methods used in studies on rhizobial ecology and evolution in dedicated appendices, making it a unique and valuable handbook for researchers.
This authoritative and extensively illustrated text provides a complete overview of Chinese moxibustion techniques and methods, including contraindications and treatments for a wide range of conditions. It covers the fundamentals of theory as well as the skills and techniques practitioners need, all of which are photographically illustrated.
Chinese proverbs are, in a sense, the DNA of Chinese culture and language. The meanings of many of these proverbs may not be obvious to Westerners. For example when Chinese say the proverb “Dog chases mouse,” they mean “Mind your own business”—that is, dogs don’t chase mice; it’s not their job. In the process of truly making a connection with Chinese language and culture, a solid understanding of these proverbs goes a long way. Learning 300 Chinese Proverbs presents a unique book of Chinese proverbs that can be used as a tool for learning spoken and written Mandarin Chinese. This helpful, practical reference is complete with a section on grammar and offers an innovative approach to learning correct pronunciation, useful to both the beginner and the advanced student. Each proverb represents a new and unique lesson in Mandarin Chinese, using Simplified Chinese and the Pinyin transliteration system. Learning 300 Chinese Proverbs is so much more than a Chinese textbook; it also offers an overview of the Chinese civilization and language that goes back thousands of years.
The most authoritative life of the Chinese leader every written, Mao: The Unknown Story is based on a decade of research, and on interviews with many of Mao’s close circle in China who have never talked before — and with virtually everyone outside China who had significant dealings with him. It is full of startling revelations, exploding the myth of the Long March, and showing a completely unknown Mao: he was not driven by idealism or ideology; his intimate and intricate relationship with Stalin went back to the 1920s, ultimately bringing him to power; he welcomed Japanese occupation of much of China; and he schemed, poisoned, and blackmailed to get his way. After Mao conquered China in 1949, his secret goal was to dominate the world. In chasing this dream he caused the deaths of 38 million people in the greatest famine in history. In all, well over 70 million Chinese perished under Mao’s rule — in peacetime.
Acupuncture Anatomy: Regional Micro-Anatomy and Systemic Acupuncture Networks integrates Western and Eastern medicine, providing a scientific foundation to acupuncture. By correlating detailed anatomical information with specific acupuncture points, the book opens a window into understanding the physiological basis of acupuncture medicine. Each acu
This book provides a comprehensive overview of a series of bismuth oxyhalide compounds of BiOX (X=F, Cl, Br, I), in terms of their microstructure, electronic/band structure, preparation techniques, optical properties and their applications. The book brings together, for the first time, a compilation of advances in this area, including results achieved at the authors’ lab (such as ultra-microscopy characterization by means of aberration-corrected STEM), offering a valuable guide for researchers and students alike.
They were the most famous sisters in China. As the country battled through a hundred years of wars, revolutions and seismic transformations, the three Soong sisters from Shanghai were at the center of power, and each of them left an indelible mark on history. Red Sister, Ching-ling, married the 'Father of China', Sun Yat-sen, and rose to be Mao's vice-chair. Little Sister, May-ling, became Madame Chiang Kai-shek, first lady of pre-Communist Nationalist China and a major political figure in her own right. Big Sister, Ei-ling, became Chiang's unofficial main adviser - and made herself one of China's richest women. All three sisters enjoyed tremendous privilege and glory, but also endured constant mortal danger. They showed great courage and experienced passionate love, as well as despair and heartbreak. They remained close emotionally, even when they embraced opposing political camps and Ching-ling dedicated herself to destroying her two sisters' worlds. Big Sister, Little Sister, Red Sister is a gripping story of love, war, intrigue, bravery, glamour and betrayal, which takes us on a sweeping journey from Canton to Hawaii to New York, from exiles' quarters in Japan and Berlin to secret meeting rooms in Moscow, and from the compounds of the Communist elite in Beijing to the corridors of power in democratic Taiwan. In a group biography that is by turns intimate and epic, Jung Chang reveals the lives of three extraordinary women who helped shape twentieth-century China.
A study of the experiences of Chinese prisoners of war during the Korean War and the struggle over their repatriation. The Korean War lasted for three years, one month, and two days, but armistice talks occupied more than two of those years, as more than 14,000 Chinese prisoners of war refused to return to Communist China and demanded to go to Nationalist Taiwan, effectively hijacking the negotiations and thwarting the designs of world leaders at a pivotal moment in Cold War history. In The Hijacked War, David Cheng Chang vividly portrays the experiences of Chinese prisoners in the dark, cold, and damp tents of Koje and Cheju Islands in Korea and how their decisions derailed the high politics being conducted in the corridors of power in Washington, Moscow, and Beijing. Chang demonstrates how the Truman-Acheson administration’s policies of voluntary repatriation and prisoner reindoctrination for psychological warfare purposes—the first overt and the second covert—had unintended consequences. The “success” of the reindoctrination program backfired when anti-Communist Chinese prisoners persuaded and coerced fellow POWs to renounce their homeland. Drawing on newly declassified archival materials from China, Taiwan, and the United States, and interviews with more than 80 surviving Chinese and North Korean prisoners of war, Chang depicts the struggle over prisoner repatriation that dominated the second half of the Korean War, from early 1952 to July 1953, in the prisoners’ own words. Praise for The Hijacked War “This book represents a giant step forward in our understanding of the prisoner-of-war issue in the Korean War. The research on the Chinese prisoners is extraordinary, the stories of individuals compelling, and the analysis of the context in which they made choices balanced and persuasive.” —William Stueck, author of The Korean War: An International History “David Cheng Chang’s superlative research reveals the use of Chinese POWs as pawns in the larger Cold War standoff between the US and China during the Korean War. His cogent analysis encourages us to think about the aftermath of the war and the lives of those who made the ‘voluntary choice’ to join or who faced ‘forced conformity.’” —Barak Kushner, author of Men to Devils, Devils to Men: Japanese War Crimes and Chinese Justice “Chang’s exceptionally vivid prisoner’s-eye account, based on camp archives and interviews with ex-POWS, leads him to condemn the key U.S. policymakers, including President Harry Truman and Secretary of State Dean Acheson, for their “arrogance, ignorance, and negligence.” —Foreign Affairs
This is the first comprehensive study of popular culture in twentieth-century China, and of its political impact during the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-1945 (known in China as "The War of Resistance against Japan"). Chang-tai Hung shows in compelling detail how Chinese resisters used a variety of popular cultural forms—especially dramas, cartoons, and newspapers—to reach out to the rural audience and galvanize support for the war cause. While the Nationalists used popular culture as a patriotic tool, the Communists refashioned it into a socialist propaganda instrument, creating lively symbols of peasant heroes and joyful images of village life under their rule. In the end, Hung argues, the Communists' use of popular culture contributed to their victory in revolution.
Edited by the Water Policy Research Center of the Environment Department of Tsinghua University, this comprehensive report on the Chinese water sector is a collection of findings from recent research conducted by the Center and government consultancy reports. The report presents an overview and analysis of the current situation of the reform of the Chinese urban water sector. This is followed by case studies and appraisals on 17 water industry reform measures collected by the authors in 14 cities. The report then examines key problems of the current water industry reform. The comprehensive scope of this report, the level of detail, as well as the authors’ insights together make this document a unique reference on China’s water industry, as well as an important guide to the future of China’s water management. The book will be extremely useful for public utility reform in China and in other countries. It will therefore be of particular value to government departments, policy advisors, consultants, financing bodies, and utility service providers. The report is part of the Water21 Market Briefing Series. Titles in the series provide more focused insight into aspects of the international water sector. About the authors: Dr Tao FU is Director of the Water Policy Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China. Dr Miao CHANG is Senior Research Fellow at the Water Policy Research Center, Tsinghua University. Dr Lijin ZHONG is with the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University.
It is generally believed that Mao Zedong’s populism was an abrupt departure from traditional Chinese thought. This study demonstrates that many of its key concepts had been developed several decades earlier by young May Fourth intellectuals, including Liu Fu, Zhou Zuoren, and Gu Jiegang. The Chinese folk-literature movement, begun at National Beijing University in 1918, changed the attitudes of Chinese intellectuals toward literature and toward the common people. Turning their backs on “high culture” and Confucianism, young folklorists began “going to the people,” particularly peasants, to gather the songs, legends, children’s stories, and proverbs that Chang-tai Hung here describes and analyzes. Their focus on rural culture, rural people, and rural problems was later to be expanded by the Chinese Communist revolutionaries.
This book presents a bibliographical review of the use of Bayesian networks in reliability over the last decade. Bayesian network (BN) is considered to be one of the most powerful models in probabilistic knowledge representation and inference, and it is increasingly used in the field of reliability. After focusing on the engineering systems, the book subsequently discusses twelve important issues in the BN-based reliability methodologies, such as BN structure modeling, BN parameter modeling, BN inference, validation, and verification. As such, it is a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners in the field of reliability engineering.
2014 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Software Engineering(AISE2014) aims to provide a forum for accessing to the most up-to-date and authoritative knowledge from both Artificial Intelligence and Software Engineering. AISE2014 features unique mixed topics of AI Algorithms, Data Mining, Knowledge-based Systems, Software Process and so on. The goal of this conference is to bring researchers, engineers, and students to the areas of Artificial Intelligence and Software Engineering to share experiences and original research contributions on those topics. Researchers and practitioners are invited to submit their contributions to AISE2014.
Wejen Chang brings a fresh perspective to the most prominent Chinese classical philosophers - Confucius, Laozi, Mozi, Zhuangzi, Mencius, Xunzi, Lord Shang and Han Fei. These thinkers founded or influenced the Confucian, Daoist, Mohist and Legalist schools of thought, and their ideas continue to guide China's thinking and behaviour today. He shows how these thinkers addressed the key question of how philosophical thinking can serve humanity and society. Chang systematically presents their different solutions and evaluates them according to reason and experience, helping you to understand the philosophical roots of law and Chinese law in particular.
This book explores rural political change in China from 1850 to 1949 to help us understand China’s transformation from a weak, decaying agrarian empire to a unified, strong nation-state during this period. Based on local gazetteers, contemporary field studies, government archives, personal memoirs and other primary sources, it systematically compares two key macro-regions of rural China – the North China plain and the Yangzi delta – to demonstrate the ways in which the forces of political change, shaped by different local conditions, operated to transform the country. It shows that on the North China plain, the village community composed mainly of owner-cultivators was the focal point for political mobilization, whilst in the Yangzi delta absentee landlordism was exploited by the state for local control and tax extraction. However, these both set the stage, in different ways, for the communist mobilization in the first half of the twentieth century. Peasants and Revolution in Rural China is an important addition to the literature on the history of the Chinese Revolution, and will be of interest to anyone seeking to understand the course of Chinese social and political development.
Bioactive Materials for Bone Regeneration summarizes research advances on the topic, including sections on the characteristics of biomaterial-induced microenvironments, interactions of bioactive materials with stem cells and tissues, and the immunomodulatory microenvironment induced by biomaterials and its effects on osteogenesis. As the regeneration of large-size bone tissue defects represents a significant clinical challenge, this book demonstrates how new biomaterials with specific chemical and physical characteristics may interact with the host and create a unique micro-environment that actively facilitates stem cell differentiation along a specific lineage, thus stimulating tissue regeneration. - Provides readers with the latest research developments in the fabrication techniques of bioactive materials for tissue regeneration and tissue engineering applications - Presents the latest research advancements on how bioactive materials interact with the host and induce micro-environments for stem cell differentiation, immunomodulation and tissue regeneration - Covers the methods, strategies, principle and mechanisms on constructing beneficial biomaterial microenvironments
十五世紀末,歐洲人開始駕著船,帶著航海家、冒險家、傳教士、商人、軍人等航向不知名的世界各地。影響所及非三言兩 語可以道盡。台灣的地理位置正處於歐洲人由印度洋東航太平洋尤其到遠東的必經之地。1544年葡萄牙航海家從台灣附近的海域 遙望這個連綿青山綠水的海島,給了它「Ilha Formosa」(美麗島)後,Formosa遂成為西方人對台灣的稱呼了。從此也影響了台灣 歷史的發展。 在歐洲對外擴張及殖民政策影響下,十七世紀荷蘭人(1624−1662)與西班牙人(1626−1642)先後在台灣南部、北部佔領並 統治過台灣。之後,世界霸權由英國人取代,而中國在經過清初盛世後衰象逐漸出現。所以,英國逐漸取代荷蘭、西班牙、葡萄 牙在遠東積極擴張勢力尋求打開中國門戶,終於爆發中英鴉片戰爭(1840)開啟了中國淪為世界列強的次殖民地國家的一頁。與 此並行發展的是西方人積極瞭解並介紹東方的民族、語言、習俗、歷史、地理、宗教等等給自己同胞,便於傳教、經商、辦 理外交甚至統治。所以在鴉片戰爭前後於中國境內或香港等地創辦了幾份英文報紙、期刊。其中包括The Chinese Repository (1832 −1851), The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal (1867−1941)及The China Review (1872−1906)。 三種刊物均創刊於十九世紀。內容上,The Chinese Recorder比較偏向基督新教在中國的傳教活動報導與討論,其他兩種除了時 勢報導外,有比較多學術性的研究專文。三種刊物的體例不僅彼此間不同,各刊物的體例長期下來亦各自有所增減。無論如何, 這三種刊物為後世留下西方人以英文書寫當時有關中國或鄰近地區的紀實;也留下十九世紀西方人對這些地區各方面的研究成 果,而且從他們選擇的題材與用字遣詞也可觀察到他們對東方民族與文化所抱持的意識型態。然而,三種刊物有一共同現象及與 當時中國行政版圖各省作比較(包括1895年台灣割讓日本到1900年為止),Formosa的報導及研究專文佔著相當大的比重。似乎在 十九世紀西方人心目中,Formosa所代表的是一個非常特別而單獨的一個地理區域。本書即是此三種刊物中有關Formosa的相關 報導及研究專文的集子。為免浪費人力與紙張,三種刊物中有四篇G. Taylor的文章被G. Dudbridge收入Aborigines of South Taiwan in the 1880s , 另一篇Rev. W. Campbell,“The Early Dutch Missionin Formosa”是作者的An Account of Missionary Success in the Island of Formosa 的第一章,所以這五篇不再重覆編入本集子。 三本刊物中Formosa的資料,大致分為專題性文章,旅行或航行錄,關於Formosa的出版品介紹或書評,通訊(Correspon dence)與日誌(Journal)等四類。內容包括:台、澎的地理,台灣的歷史、物產,國姓爺的生平,原住民的族群、語言、宗教、迷信、醫病方式,台灣沿海發生的船難及交涉,天災與動亂,中法戰爭(1884)甲午戰爭(1894−95)期間及戰後台灣的狀況,基督 新教在台灣的傳教活動及遭遇的困難、信徒人數的統計、淡水偕醫館(Mackay Mission Hospital)與牛津學堂(Oxford college)的成 立與年度報告,有關Formosa的新書出版訊息與書評等等,堪稱包羅萬象可補台灣史研究資料不足。 The Chinese Repository, The Chinese Recorder及The China Review僅僅是十九世紀西方人探討東方之刊物的一部份。個人精力有 限,期待後進者能從其他西方刊物著手將Formosa的研究資料編輯出來,讓研究十九世紀台灣史的資料更集中,研究成果更客 觀、更豐碩。
This book investigates the concept of human landscape in rural settlements in Southern China, where communities and their cultural landscapes are facing contemporary challenges following a period of rapid urbanization in the last 50 years. While metropolitan cities, such as Hong Kong, are experiencing accelerated urban development, underpopulated rural villages are struggling to maintain the cultural heritage of their regions. Rediscovery of Cultural Landscapes in Southern China provides a detailed account into indigenous living cultures in traditional, rural settlements upon natural landscapes. Beginning with an overview of the theoretical framework, the book presents six unique cases, including: Tai O, Yim Tin Tsai, Lai Chi Wo, Nga Tsin Wai, Cangdong, and Meinong, while illustrating a relevant comparison between Hakka and Satoyama landscape systems. The spectrum of theoretical and case analyses allows for a rethinking of the evolving cultural landscape’s positioning with valuable heritages in the context of a post-industrial society. The book is written towards reinterpreting the cultural landscape by conceptualizing the human landscape for scholars, practitioners, and students interested in rural-cultural conservation and revitalization, heritage management, traditional architecture and landscape planning, and urban-rural development.
A study of Nam-fung's Chinese translation of Jonathan Lynn and Antony Jay's classic political satire, Yes Prime Minister, this monograph analyzes the relationship between function, process and product in the art of translation.
Based on interviews, field trips to factories and rural communes, this is an attempt to assess the political history of China and project its future development. The book suggests that China will continue to reform and will move away from adherence to Mao Zedong thought.
Dive into the intricate realm of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with this comprehensive guide, beginning with an exploration of fundamental principles, operational mechanisms, and components. The narrative then explores the limitations of traditional LIBs, highlighting silicon as a potential alternative to graphite anodes. Navigating challenges posed by pure silicon anodes, the book presents innovative solutions involving structural regulation and diverse carbon nanomaterials. Structured into sections dedicated to specific Si-based hybrid materials, the book examines mechanical mixing, nitrogen-doped graphene, and carbon-coated silicon, offering in-depth analyses, meticulous experimental methods and investigations. The exploration extends to graphene quantum dots, carbon nanofibers, and carbon nanotubes, concluding with a detailed investigation of directly grown carbon nanofibers on transition metal-coated silicon and the possibilities presented by core-shell and yolk-shell silica-coated silicon with polymeric carbon coating. This meticulously crafted work is a dedication to advancing electrochemistry, serving as an invaluable resource for researchers, scholars, and industry professionals in energy storage.
Between 1751 and 1784, the Qianlong emperor embarked upon six southern tours, traveling from Beijing to Jiangnan and back. These tours were exercises in political theater that took the Manchu emperor through one of the Qing empire’s most prosperous regions. This study elucidates the tensions and the constant negotiations characterizing the relationship between the imperial center and Jiangnan, which straddled the two key provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Politically, economically, and culturally, Jiangnan was the undisputed center of the Han Chinese world; it also remained a bastion of Ming loyalism and anti-Manchu sentiment. How did the Qing court constitute its authority and legitimate its domination over this pivotal region? What were the precise terms and historical dynamics of Qing rule over China proper during the long eighteenth century? In the course of addressing such questions, this study also explores the political culture within and through which High Qing rule was constituted and contested by a range of actors, all of whom operated within socially and historically structured contexts. The author argues that the southern tours occupied a central place in the historical formation of Qing rule during a period of momentous change affecting all strata of the eighteenth-century polity.
This book provides insights into the development and usage of coal in chemical engineering. The reactivity of coal in processes such as pyrolysis, gasification, liquefaction, combustion and swelling is related to its structural properties. Using experimental findings and theoretical analysis, the book comprehensively answers three crucial issues that are fundamental to the optimization of coal chemical conversions: What is the structure of coal? How does the underlying structure determine the reactivity of different types of coal? How does the structure of coal alter during coal conversion? This book will be of interest to both individual readers and institutions involved in teaching and research into chemical engineering and energy conversion technologies. It is aimed at advanced- level undergraduate students. The text is suitable for readers with a basic knowledge of chemistry, such as first-year undergraduate general science students. Higher-level students with an in-depth understanding of the chemistry of coal will also benefit from the book. It will provide a useful reference resource for students and university-level teachers, as well as practicing engineers.
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