In the years following the global financial crisis, many low-income countries experienced rapid recovery and strong economic growth. However, many are now facing enormous difficulties because of rapidly rising food and fuel prices, with the threat of millions of people being pushed into poverty around the globe. The risk of continued food price volatility is a systemic challenge, and a failure in one country has been shown to have a profound impact on entire regions. This volume addresses the challenges of commodity price volatility for low-income countries and explores some macroeconomic policy options for responding to commodity price shocks. The book then looks at inclusive growth policies to address inequality in commodity-exporting countries, particularly natural resource rich countries. Perspectives from the Middle East and North Africa, sub-Saharan Africa, emerging Asia, and Mexico are presented and, finally, the role of the international donor community is examined. This volume is a must read for policymakers everywhere, from those in advanced, donor countries to those in countries with the poorest and most vulnerable populations.
This manual draws on the ILO's comprehensive database containing the principal legal provisions and minimum wage fixing mechanisms in 100 countries. The minimum wage has had a long and turbulent history, and this study sheds light on its intricacies by providing a thorough overview of the institutions and practices in different countries. It outlines the main topics for debate concerning the effects of minimum wages on major social and economic variables such as employment, wage inequality, and poverty. The book considers the various procedures countries use for implementation, including the criteria employed to fix the minimum wage, and how they are linked to specific country objectives. It then measures the efficiency of the minimum wage, and focuses on its impact on employment as a major political issue. For the benefit of non-specialists, the validity of econometric models and their results are examined.
The leading obstetrics reference for more than a century -- now in full-color and with a greater emphasis on evidence-based practice Written by a team of expert authors from world-renowned Parkland Hospital, this rigorously referenced, landmark resource tells you everything you need to know about the practice of obstetrics in a unified, consistent tone not found in other texts. For decades, ob-gyn practitioners and residents have hailed the book for its thoroughness, scientific orientation, and practical applicability at the bedside. Williams Obstetrics is reinforced throughout by a timely emphasis on evidence-based medicine, supported by state-of-the-art ultrasound images and original illustrations. The book's comprehensive coverage begins with an incisive look at maternal anatomy and physiology, and fetal growth and development. The text then progresses to the antepartum period, labor and delivery, the fetus and newborn, the peurperium period, obstetric complications, and medical and surgical complications. New to this Edition 1,100 brand-new, precisely rendered full-color illustrations Evidence-based medicine is highlighted in the text through the use of icons, better familiarizing you with the latest clinical guidelines and standards of care Greater use of headings and subheadings to quickly lead you to the content you need Improved algorithms and tables clearly and concisely present Class I evidence for diagnosis and treatment In-depth coverage of abnormal obstetrics -- from obstetrical hemorrhage and preterm birth, to reproductive tract abnormalities -- provides the most clinically relevant perspectives in this pivotal area
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