Over the last 25 years the definition and classification of cerebral palsy (CP) have evolved, as well as the approach to rehabilitation. CP is a disorder of the development of movement and posture, causing activity limitations attributed to nonprogressive disturbances of the fetal or infant brain that may also affect sensation, perception, cognition, communication, and behavior. Motor control during reaching, grasping, and walking are disturbed by spasticity, dyskinesia, hyperreflexia, excessive coactivation of antagonist muscles, retained developmental reactions, and secondary musculoskeletal malformations, together with paresis and defective programing. Weakness and hypoextensibility of the muscles are due not only to inadequate recruitment of motor units, but also to changes in mechanical stresses and hormonal factors. Two methods, the General Movements Assessment and the Test of Infant Motor Performance, now permit the early detection of CP, while the development of valid and reliable outcome measures, particularly the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM), have made it possible to evaluate change over time and the effects of clinical interventions. The GMFM has further led to the development of predictive curves of motor function while the Gross Motor Classification System and the Manual Ability Classification System provide standardized means to classify the severity of the movement disability. With the emergence of the task-oriented approach, the focus of therapy in rehabilitation has shifted from eliminating deficits to enhancing function across all performance domains by emphasizing fitness, function, participation, and quality of life. There is growing evidence supporting selected interventions and interest for the therapy and social integration of adults with CP.
In this lively guide to the Gettysburg battlefield, Carol Reardon and Tom Vossler invite readers to participate in a tour of this hallowed ground. Ideal for carrying on trips through the park as well as for the armchair historian, this book includes comprehensive maps and deft descriptions of the action that situate visitors in time and place. Crisp narratives introduce key figures and events, and eye-opening vignettes help readers more fully comprehend the import of what happened and why. A wide variety of contemporary and postwar source materials offer colorful stories and present interesting interpretations that have shaped--or reshaped--our understanding of Gettysburg today. Each stop addresses the following: What happened here? Who fought here? Who commanded here? Who fell here? Who lived here? How did participants remember this event?
The military has long been associated with hard power, yet it is engaged in public diplomacy as it represents the U.S. abroad and facilitates the diffusion of ideas. Military Soft Power examines one such aspect of U.S. public diplomacy: how the United States extends its influence or “soft power” worldwide through military educational exchange programs hosted by the United States’ elite military schools, its war and staff colleges. The presence of international officers at U.S. military schools is substantial, yet very little is known about the long-term impacts of these exchanges. This study shows how the exchanges build personal and professional networks that then serve as important conduits of ideas between the United States and other countries. These networks help to improve interoperability between the U.S. military and its partner nations and to extend U.S. influence through military soft power rather than through hard power. This is an alternative bottom-up view of how military organizations can influence political processes and decisions through the development of cross-border communities of military professionals. This involves a two-step model of socialization. First, individuals (military officers) are socialized by a large political institution (the U.S. through its war and staff colleges). Second, these individuals function as idea entrepreneurs, bringing new ideas, beliefs, and practices home with them. There is a need for policies and programs that help countries successfully transition from authoritarian governance to democratic rule as well as countries undergoing democratic revolutions and those seeking more gradual change. Exchange programs are one pathway, in which an important group of citizens (military officers and their families) can experience the everyday functioning of democratic practices and institutions. This unique survey provides timely insights into the important political impacts of military exchange programs and how military institutions and their personnel influence international politics beyond simply being used as an instrument of coercion.
Providing a solid foundation in medical-surgical nursing, Susan deWit's Medical-Surgical Nursing: Concepts and Practice, 3rd Edition ensures you have the information you need to pass the NCLEX-PN® Examination and succeed in practice. Part of the popular LPN/LVN Threads series, this uniquely understandable, concise text builds on the fundamentals of nursing, covering roles, settings, and health care trends; all body systems and their disorders; emergency and disaster management; and mental health nursing. With updated content, chapter objectives, and review questions, this new edition relates national LPN/LVN standards to practice with its integration of QSEN competencies, hypertension, diabetes, and hypoglycemia. Concept Maps in the disorders chapters help you visualize difficult material, and illustrate how a disorder's multiple symptoms, treatments, and side effects relate to each other. Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! section includes Key Points that summarize chapter objectives, additional resources for further study, review questions for the NCLEX® Examination, and critical thinking questions. Nursing Care Plans with critical thinking questions provide a clinical scenario and demonstrate application of the nursing process with updated NANDA-I nursing diagnoses to individual patient problems. Anatomy and physiology content in each body system overview chapter provides basic information for understanding the body system and its disorders, and appears along with Focused Assessment boxes highlighting the key tasks of data collection for each body system. Assignment Considerations, discussed in Chapter 1 and highlighted in feature boxes, address situations in which the RN delegates tasks to the LPN/LVN, or the LPN/LVN assigns tasks to nurse assistants, per the individual state nurse practice act. Gerontologic nursing presented throughout in the context of specific disorders with Elder Care Points boxes that address the unique medical-surgical care issues that affect older adults. Safety Alert boxes call out specific dangers to patients and teach you to identify and implement safe clinical care. Evidence-based Practice icons highlight current references to research in nursing and medical practice. Patient Teaching boxes provide step-by-step instructions and guidelines for post-hospital care - and prepare you to educate patients on their health condition and recovery. Health Promotion boxes address wellness and disease prevention strategies that you can provide in patient teaching. NEW! Content updated with the most current health care standards, including QSEN competencies, hypertension, diabetes, and hypoglycemia, to relate national standards to LPN/LVN practice. UPDATED! Revised chapter objectives and content reflects higher-level critical thinking, communication, patient safety, and priority setting. UPDATED! Get Ready for the NCLEX®! review questions updated per the 2014 NCLEX-PN® test plan.
This book provides both trainees in perinatal psychiatry and the generalist who wishes to know more with an up-to-date overview of the subject. In addition, it is a useful resource for other professionals working in the field such as nurses, psychologists, obstetricians, midwives and health visitors. The chapters address historical and classification issues, the management of both new onset and existing mental disorders (including substance misuse) presenting in pregnancy and the postpartum period, prescribing and physical treatments during pregnancy and breast feeding. Also covered are issues for children and families, screening for and prevention of mental disorders in relation to childbirth, service provision and transcultural issues.
Kidnapping was perhaps the greatest fear of free blacks in pre-Civil War America. Though they may have descended from generations of free-born people or worked to purchase their freedom, free blacks were not able to enjoy the privileges and opportunities of white Americans. They lived with the constant threat of kidnapping and enslavement, against which they had little recourse. Most kidnapped free blacks were forcibly abducted, but other methods, such as luring victims with job offers or falsely claiming free people as fugitive slaves, were used as well. Kidnapping of blacks was actually facilitated by numerous state laws, as well as the federal fugitive slave laws of 1793 and 1850. Greed motivated kidnappers, who were assured high profits on the sale of their victims. As the internal slave trade increased in the early nineteenth century, so did kidnapping. If greed provided the motivation for the crime, racism helped it to continue unabated. Victims usually found it extremely difficult to regain their freedom through a legal system that reflected society's racist views, perpetuated a racial double standard, and considered all blacks slaves until proven otherwise. Fortunate was the victim who received assistance, sometimes from government officials, most often from abolitionists. Frequently, however, the black community was forced to protect its own and organized to do so, sometimes by working within the law, sometimes by meeting violence with violence. Mining newspaper accounts, memoirs, slave narratives, court records, letters, abolitionist society minutes, and government documents, Carol Wilson has provided a needed addition to our picture of free black life in the United States.
Helps early years students and practitioners to get to grips with the key issues, through a critical and thematic approach which focuses on reflective practice. Theories and research into the nature of reflection are examined, how they can be used, and how they can improve practice, producing a more responsive and thoughtful, research-based workforce for young children and their families. In this third edition there is greater emphasis on issues related to inclusion and diversity, mental health and communication with parents. New pedagogic features include Team Talk designed to get all members of a work-based team to pool their expertise and knowledge, and to think critically and reflectively upon aspects that may directly affect their settings. There is also a new Evidence Informed Research Practice and Reflection feature which offers questions that emphasise the importance of up-to-date research material informing practice within a setting.
This special enhanced ebook edition to the newly updated A Field Guide to Gettysburg will lead visitors to every important site across the battlefield and also give them ways to envision the action and empathize with the soldiers involved and the local people into whose lives and lands the battle intruded.. Both Carol Reardon and Tom Vossler are themselves experienced guides who understand what visitors to Gettysburg are interested in, but they also bring the unique perspectives of a scholar and a former army officer. Divided into three day-long tours, this newly improved and expanded edition offers important historical background and context for the reader while providing answers to six key questions: What happened here? Who fought here? Who commanded here? Who fell here? Who lived here? And what did the participants have to say about it later? With new stops, maps, soldier vignettes, and illustrations, the enhanced e-book edition of A Field Guide to Gettysburg adds more human stories to an already impressive work that remains the most comprehensive guide to the events and history of this pivotal battle of the Civil War.
Midwifery Preparation for Practice 2e is the only text which reflects the historical and socio - political environment in which midwives in Australia and New Zealand practice. In addition, it is the only text which incorporates the philosophy and standards endorsed by New Zealand and Australian Colleges of Midwives while also focusing on the partnership between midwives with women and the woman- centred model of midwifery care. The second edition has built on the existing philosophy and structure of Midwifery: Preparation for Practice, though with a greater emphasis on the development of critical thinking and researching skills. Key chapters have been re-written to reflect recent changes in government legislation while current research and pertinent examples are included throughout the text. This new edition is supported by a comprehensive suite of resources for both Instructors and Students using the Evolve website as a platform. These ancillaries will re-enforce the critical thinking elements for students with interactive case studies and scenario based learning exercises as well as the multiple choice questions.
This book covers the main topics that students need to learn in a course on Industrial Organization. It reviews the classic models and important empirical evidence related to the field. However, it will differ from prior textbooks in two ways. First, this book incorporates contributions from behavioral economics and neuroeconomics, providing the reader with a richer understanding of consumer preferences and the motivation for many of the business practices we see today. The book discusses how firms exploit consumers who are prone to making mistakes and who suffer from cognitive dissonance, attention lapses, and bounded rationality, for example and will help explain why firms invest in persuasive advertising, offer 30-day free trials, offer money-back guarantees, and engage in other observed phenomena that cannot be explained by the traditional approaches to industrial organization. A second difference is that this book achieves a balance between textbooks that emphasize formal modeling and those that emphasize the history of the field, empirical evidence, case studies, and policy analysis. This text puts more emphasis on the micro-foundations (i.e., consumer and producer theory), classic game theoretic models, and recent contributions from behavioral economics that are pertinent to industrial organization. Each topic will begin with a discussion of relevant theory and models and will also include a discussion of concrete examples, empirical evidence, and evidence from case studies. This will provide students with a deeper understanding of firm and consumer behavior, of the factors that influence market structure and economic performance, and of policy issues involving imperfectly competitive markets. The book is intended to be a textbook for graduate students, MBAs and upper-level undergraduates and will use examples, graphical analysis, algebra, and simple calculus to explain important ideas and theories in industrial organization.
Perfect for: - • Bachelor of Midwifery students - • Postgraduate Midwifery students - • Combined Nursing degree students - • Combined Nursing degree students Midwifery: Preparation for Practice 3e is the definitive midwifery text for Australian and New Zealand midwifery students. The third edition continues to reinforce the established principles of midwifery philosophy and practice—that of working in partnership with women and midwifery autonomy in practice and from this perspective, presents the midwife as a primary healthcare practitioner. It carefully examines the very different maternity care systems in Australia and New Zealand, exploring both autonomous and collaborative practice and importantly documents the recent reforms in Australian midwifery practice. Midwifery: Preparation for Practice 3e places women and their babies safely at the centre of midwifery practice and will guide, inform and inspire midwifery students, recent graduates and experienced midwives alike. - • Key contributors from Australia and New Zealand - • Critical Thinking Exercises and Research Activities - • Midwifery Practice Scenarios - • Reflective Thinking Exercises and Case Studies - • Instructor and Student resources on Evolve, including Test Bank questions, answers to Review Questions and PowerPoint presentations. - • New chapter on Models of Health - • Increased content on cultural considerations, human rights, sustainability, mental health, obesity in pregnancy, communication in complex situations, intervention, complications in pregnancy and birth and assisted reproduction - • Midwifery Practice Scenarios throughout.
Featuring over 750 full-color illustrations, this text gives surgeons a thorough working knowledge of anatomy as seen during specific operative procedures. The book is organized regionally and covers 111 open and laparoscopic procedures in every part of the body. For each procedure, the text presents anatomic and technical points, operative safeguards, and potential errors. Illustrations depict the topographic and regional anatomy visualized throughout each operation. This edition has an expanded thoracoscopy chapter and new chapters on oncoplastic techniques; subxiphoid pericardial window; pectus excavatum/carinatum procedures; open and laparoscopic pyloromyotomy; and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. A companion Website will offer the fully searchable text and an image bank.
This is the essential book for all those who work in or around the antique trade, whether they be buyer, seller, or supplier of allied services. The shape of the trade changes annually: new faces appear, old ones disappear. For a small annual investment, you can be confident More...that you have the most up-to-date guide available and plan buying trips with confidence. Of the 7,000 establishments listed, well over half the entries change from one year to the next; over 1,000 dealers will open or close. The Guide is easy to use. Information is arranged by area: London is divided by postal districts and the rest of the country is split alphabetically into counties, then into towns or villages. In-depth information about each shop includes the address and telephone number, date established, opening hours, type of stock and price range, details of location, where to park, name of proprietor and membership in trade associations. It also contains information on auctioneers, packers and shippers, a specialist dealers' index and services to the antiques trade. An indispensable directory for the antiques business, and for the truly dedicated antique buyer - the one book to keep on hand.
Nitrogen" Suppt. Vol. B 1 describes the compounds of nitrogen with noble gases and, in the major part, binary compounds composed of one nitrogen atom and hydrogen. Nitrogen hydrogen compounds with two and more nitrogen atoms are covered in "Nitrogen" Suppt. Vol. 82. There is some information on various nitrogen-noble gas species, to a large extent because of the interest in their bonding behavior. Experimental data have been obtained chiefly for some singly charged cations, particularly those formed by argon Like ArN + and ArNi. The existence of others has only been established by mass spectrometry. The binary compounds of nitrogen and hydrogen comprise NH, NH , NH , NH , the corre 2 4 5 sponding ions, and some adducts. NH and NH1 are not treated. The predominant part 3 of the volume covers the description of the molecules NH and NH . 8oth species are present 2 in photolytic processes in the atmosphere. They play an essential role in combustion systems regardless of whether the nitrogen stems from the nitrogen-containing fuel or from the air. Thus, much work has been devoted to the understanding of the nitrogen chemistry in combustion and in the atmosphere. The production and detection methods as weiL as the reactions have been comprehensively described. ln addition detailed information is given on the spectral behavior, the knowledge of which is important for detecting the mole cules and for studying their kinetics.
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