The only reader currently available on criminality in Latin America, Reconstructing Criminality in Latin America reconstructs the way in which different Latin American societies have viewed, described, defined, and reacted to criminal behavior. Crime in Latin America is explored in terms of gender, race, class, and criminological theory. The highly readable essays in this book explore how Catholic notions of sin, natural law, the "divine" rights of absolutist monarchs, liberal rights of "man," positivism, and social Darwinism received a sympathetic, even enthusiastic, endorsement from policy makers throughout Latin America. Reconstructing Criminality in Latin America also shows how new methodologies have given scholars deeper insight into the significance of crime in Latin American societies. The selections testify that the insights of scholars like Eric Hobsbawm and Michel Foucault are the foundations of modern histories of crime in Latin America. This book is ideal for criminal justice, sociology, and Latin American social history courses.
The value-added tax (VAT) is often a major component of national fiscal structures. While its effects on allocative efficiency, inflation, income distribution, and tax administration have been addressed, little work, exists on the theoretical base of a VAT, given its structure. This is essential for knowing how much of the base is actually taxed. Using Mexican national accounts and input-output tables, this paper develops a methodology for calculating the theoretical base of the Mexican VAT for 1980 and 1983 (two years whose individual VAT structures were considerably different). The method is applicable to other VAT systems as well.
The concepts represented in this textbook are explored for the first time in assistive and rehabilitation robotics, which is the combination of physical, cognitive, and social human-robot interaction to empower gait rehabilitation and assist human mobility. The aim is to consolidate the methodologies, modules, and technologies implemented in lower-limb exoskeletons, smart walkers, and social robots when human gait assistance and rehabilitation are the primary targets. This book presents the combination of emergent technologies in healthcare applications and robotics science, such as soft robotics, force control, novel sensing methods, brain-computer interfaces, serious games, automatic learning, and motion planning. From the clinical perspective, case studies are presented for testing and evaluating how those robots interact with humans, analyzing acceptance, perception, biomechanics factors, and physiological mechanisms of recovery during the robotic assistance or therapy. Interfacing Humans and Robots for Gait Assistance and Rehabilitation will enable undergraduate and graduate students of biomedical engineering, rehabilitation engineering, robotics, and health sciences to understand the clinical needs, technology, and science of human-robot interaction behind robotic devices for rehabilitation, and the evidence and implications related to the implementation of those devices in actual therapy and daily life applications.
Does recent evidence reveal a purpose behind the order of the universe? A NASA senior research scientist explores this tantalizing question and many more in this wide-ranging introduction to the very latest and sundry theories about the enormous cosmos.
Estos últimos años han estado marcados por la corrección política antiliberal. El resultado de ello ha sido reforzar la idea de que nuestros males son culpa de la libertad y que debemos ser cada vez menos libres. Y siempre hay políticos dispuestos a que lo seamos. Carlos Rodríguez Braun refuta este pensamiento único en Panfletos liberales III: «la crisis no ha sido producida por la libertad sino por el intervencionismo. No es verdad que hayamos disfrutado de una libertad excesiva: al contrario, mientras los gobernantes se ufanan en proteger nuestros derechos, tenemos cada vez más obligaciones». En unas doscientas reflexiones breves, y con el ingenio y la ironía que caracterizan al autor, se denuncia el bulo según el cual nos arrasa una ola privatizadora neoliberal que pretende desmantelar el Estado del bienestar.El liberalismo no tiene colores partidarios y este libro molestará a los políticos de izquierdas tanto como a los de derechas. Por aludir a una de las obsesiones de Rodríguez Braun, hemos comprobado que la izquierda sube los impuestos, pero la derecha... también.
This study indentifies some of the taxation problems most frequently encountered by Fund member countries in sub-Saharan Africa and seeks solutions that may be useful to either the region as a whole or to groups of countries in the region.
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