Environmental fluid mechanics (EFM) is the scientific study of transport, dispersion and transformation processes in natural fluid flows on our planet Earth, from the microscale to The planetary scale. This book brings together scientists and engineers working in research institutions, universities and academia, who engage in the study of theoretical, modeling, measuring and software aspects in environmental fluid mechanics. it provides a forum for The participants, and exchanges new ideas and expertise through the presentations of up-to-date and recent overall achievements in this field.
Environmental fluid mechanics (EFM) is the scientific study of transport, dispersion and transformation processes in natural fluid flows on our planet Earth, from the microscale to The planetary scale. This book brings together scientists and engineers working in research institutions, universities and academia, who engage in the study of theoretical, modeling, measuring and software aspects in environmental fluid mechanics. it provides a forum for The participants, and exchanges new ideas and expertise through the presentations of up-to-date and recent overall achievements in this field.
The light sense is conceivably the key sense in both the animal and the plant kingdom. Vision research, undoubtedly a fast-growing field, is providing impressive results OCo thanks to modern theoretical and methodological advances. The approach of biophysics and neuroscience seems to be of great benefit and, for this reason, the present book gives an outline of recent acquisitions and updated advanced methods concerning this approach. Visual mechanisms and processes are analysed at several (molecular, cellular, integrative, computational and cognitive) levels by different methodologies (from molecular biology to computation) applied to different living models (from protists to humans, via invertebrates and lower vertebrates). Contents: The Optics of Animal Eyes (M F Land); Rhodopsin-Like Proteins: The Universal and Probably Unique Proteins for Vision (P Gualtieri); The Molecular Design of a Visual Cascade: Molecular Stages of Phototransduction in Drosophila (R Paulsen et al.); Molecular Changes During Primary Visual Pathway Development (K L Moya et al.); Color Vision and Retinal Randomness of the Japanese Yellow Swallowtail Butterfly, Papilio Xuthus (K Arikawa et al.); Patch-Clamping Solitary Visual Cells to Understand the Cellular Mechanisms of Invertebrate Phototransduction (C Musio); Phototransduction in Retinal Rods and Cones (Y Koutalos et al.); Formation of OC ONOCO and OC OFFOCO Ganglion Cell Mosaics (L M Chalupa); Endogenous Nitric Oxide Modulates Signal Transmission from Photoreceptors to On-Center Bipolar Cells in the Rabbit Retina (B Lei & I Perlman); Now You See It, Now You Don't: Shunting Inhibition in Early Vision (L Borg-Graham et al.); Visual Perceptual Learning (N Berardi & A Fiorentini); Functions of the Primate Temporal Lobe Cortical Visual Areas in Invariant Visual Object and Face Recognition (E T Rolls); Vector Code in Neuronal Networks (E N Sokolov); and other papers. Readership: Scientists and postdoctoral students in neurosciences, biophysics and physiology.
Harwood-Nuss' Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine presents a clinically focused and evidence-based summary of emergency medicine. Chapters are templated to include the clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, evaluation, management and disposition, with highlighted critical interventions and common pitfalls. Management and disposition are especially critical in the emergency department, and their emphasis is unique to Harwood-Nuss. Often, a diagnosis can not be made, given the constraints of an ED evaluation; thus, effecive management of the patient, with or without a confirmed diagnosis, is key. Also distinct to Harwood-Nuss is the High-Risk Chief Complaints section, which covers the key presentations in the ED: chest pain, abdominal pain, shortness of breath, altered mental status. When patients present in the ED, they don't present with a known diagnosis; this chapter walks the physician through possible differential diagnoses and the evaluation and management of these patients so that they can be stabilized and treated quickly and effectively.
State guarantees commonly function as financial panacea, allowing states to consolidate banking systems and create intergovernmental funds. Rules surrounding state guarantees were relaxed during the 2007-2008 financial crisis, allowing states to use them for financing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and workers' severance payments. Despite many multi-level interventions in many areas after the financial crisis, from international treaties to EU regulations, no specific regulation has been put in place to control state guarantees. This book addresses the subject of state guarantees in the Eurozone, and questions the stability of the instruments implemented so far by states and by the European Union. Using a methodology combining law and finance, it examines the tools adopted by European institutions and Member States in the EU's evolving institutional context, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the tools themselves as well as of the new European institutional framework. It also addresses the unconventional measures adopted by the European Central Bank, its role as safeguard for European state guarantees and its interaction with the European Union and national courts. In From Saviour to Guarantor the authors suggest that the absence of specific regulatory interventions and the variety and vagueness of existing rules has resulted in state guarantees further destabilising public international finance.
This book examines patterns of economic governance in three specific, contrasting, contexts: machinery-producing districts; declining steel cities; and clusters of high-technology activities. Building on the work of their previous book (Local Production Systems in Europe: Rise or Demise? OUP 2001), which charted the recent development of local clusters of specialized manufacturing among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom, the authors find patterns of economic governance far more complex and dynamic than usually described in a literature which insists on identifying simple national approaches. The machinery industries were often identified in the literature of the 1980s as prominent cases of industrial district formation, which were then considerably weakened by the crises of the mid-1990s. Did clustering help these industries and their associated districts to respond to challenge, or only weaken them further? The case studies focus on the Bologna and Modena area of Emilia-Romagna, Stuttgart in Baden-Württemberg, Birmingham and Coventry in the English west midlands, but generally in France where there are very few local concentrations. Even while some thought local production systems were in crisis, national governments and the European Commission continued to recommend their approach to areas experiencing economic decline. This was particularly the case for cities that had been dependent on a small number of large corporations in industries that would no longer be major employers. Political and business leaders in these areas were encouraged to diversify, in particular through SMEs. Could this be done in response to external pressure, given that successful local production systems depend on endogenous vitality? The authors ask these questions of former steel-producing cities St. Etienne, Duisburg, Piombino, and Sheffield. The idea that local production systems had had their day was challenged by clear evidence of clustering among SMEs in a number of flourishing high-tech industries in parts of the USA and western Europe. Why do scientists, other specialists and firms actively embedded in global networks, bother with geographical proximity? This question is addressed by examining the software firms at Grenoble, the mass media cluster in Cologne, the information technology sector around Pisa, and the Oxfordshire biotechnology region.
What is disinformation, and why does it matter? How can we understand and detect different kinds of disinformation? With an analysis of relevant events of the period 2012-2022, the book attempts to answer these questions. The book is organized into four parts. (1) The first part presents the notions of post-truth and fake news using some of the most recent critical studies, analyzing some typical examples and the environment in which some of them originated. (2) The second part introduces the notion of conspiracy theory and describes the emergence of the idea of white supremacy and its ramifications, together with the narratives developed during the COVID restrictions. (3) The third part describes the emergence of the algorithms behind social networks and their role in propaganda, making examples of US and European elections and the Brexit referendum. An analysis of 'Cambridge Analytica' shows the tip of an iceberg of disinformation that is spreading around the world. Some remarks by comedians and philosophers help to give a new view on the concept of freedom of speech, with particular attention to the more and more difficult freedom of the press. (4) The fourth part gives some “emergency tools” for detecting disinformation at an individual level, understanding the most hidden mechanisms of disinformation, and the biases that almost unavoidably enter our minds. These tools come from the results both of traditional theories and the most recent social philosophy of language, not despising references to statistics. This is a fundamental book for having a general survey of this period of political turmoil, consulting a wide list of references and official documents, and having a grasp of the means of intellectual self-defense. This book is non-standard: it relies on the most sophisticated theories of language and yet it gives everything in simple and colloquial language. Differently from sophisticated analyses of linguistic phenomena, it gives the feeling of participating in a tour around what happened in the last decade, with a disenchanted eye that uses some results of the critical literature, without compelling one to become a theoretician in the field of philosophy or critical analysis. The hidden focus of the book is freedom of speech and freedom of thought, and what they mean today in an era of more sophisticated and widespread disinformation permitted by the algorithms governing social networks...
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