A unique and personal portrait of the beloved, legendary Swiss writer, finally in English After a nervous breakdown in 1929, Robert Walser spent the remaining twenty-seven years of his life in mental asylums, closed off from the rest of the world in almost complete anonymity. While at the Herisau sanitarium, instead of writing, Walser practiced another favorite activity: walking. Starting in 1936, Carl Seelig, Walser’s friend and literary executor, visited and accompanied him on these walks, meticulously recording their conversations. As they strolled, Walser told stories, shared his daily experiences of the sanatorium, and expressed his opinions about books and art, writing and history. When Seelig asked why he no longer wrote, Walser famously replied: “I’m not here to write, I’m here to be mad.” Filled with lively anecdotes and details, Walks with Walser offers the fullest available account of this wonderful writer’s inner and outer life.
A unique and personal portrait of the beloved, legendary Swiss writer, finally in English After a nervous breakdown in 1929, Robert Walser spent the remaining twenty-seven years of his life in mental asylums, closed off from the rest of the world in almost complete anonymity. While at the Herisau sanitarium, instead of writing, Walser practiced another favorite activity: walking. Starting in 1936, Carl Seelig, Walser’s friend and literary executor, visited and accompanied him on these walks, meticulously recording their conversations. As they strolled, Walser told stories, shared his daily experiences of the sanatorium, and expressed his opinions about books and art, writing and history. When Seelig asked why he no longer wrote, Walser famously replied: “I’m not here to write, I’m here to be mad.” Filled with lively anecdotes and details, Walks with Walser offers the fullest available account of this wonderful writer’s inner and outer life.
An argument that the system of boards that license human-subject research is so fundamentally misconceived that it inevitably does more harm than good. Medical and social progress depend on research with human subjects. When that research is done in institutions getting federal money, it is regulated (often minutely) by federally required and supervised bureaucracies called “institutional review boards” (IRBs). Do—can—these IRBs do more harm than good? In The Censor's Hand, Schneider addresses this crucial but long-unasked question. Schneider answers the question by consulting a critical but ignored experience—the law's learning about regulation—and by amassing empirical evidence that is scattered around many literatures. He concludes that IRBs were fundamentally misconceived. Their usefulness to human subjects is doubtful, but they clearly delay, distort, and deter research that can save people's lives, soothe their suffering, and enhance their welfare. IRBs demonstrably make decisions poorly. They cannot be expected to make decisions well, for they lack the expertise, ethical principles, legal rules, effective procedures, and accountability essential to good regulation. And IRBs are censors in the place censorship is most damaging—universities. In sum, Schneider argues that IRBs are bad regulation that inescapably do more harm than good. They were an irreparable mistake that should be abandoned so that research can be conducted properly and regulated sensibly.
This absorbing intellectual history vividly recreates the unique social, political, and philosophical milieu in which the extraordinary promise of Einstein and scientific contemporaries took root and flourished into greatness. Feuer shows us that no scientific breakthrough really happens by chance; it takes a certain intellectual climate, a decisive tension within the very fabric of society, to spur one man's potential genius into world-shaking achievement. Feuer portrays such men of high imaginative powers as Einstein, Bohr, Heisenberg, de Broglie, influenced by and influencing the social worlds in which they lived.
Jung's early 1905 essay "On the psychological diagnosis of criminal offenses" which has sometimes been translated as "On the Psychological Diagnosis of the Facts" (Zur psychologischen Tatbestandsdiagnostik) is a window into the foundations of his Analytic Psychology and Therapeutic approach. This essay was first published in: Centralbl, f. Nervenheilk. u. Psychiat, XXVIN in 1905. This was also published in vol. 11 of Ges, Werke, "Die Studien zur Wortassoziation" published in 1905. This edition is a new translation from the original German manuscript with an Afterword by the Translator, a philosophic index of Jung's terminology and a timeline of his life and works. In the essay, Jung explored several cases where individuals, including artists and writers, unknowingly reproduced work they had previously encountered. He argued that the unconscious mind plays a crucial role in these occurrences, with past memories becoming "disguised" as new material due to their retrieval from the depths of the unconscious. This phenomenon has implications for creativity, suggesting that what appears to be spontaneous innovation can, in many cases, be influenced by forgotten memories. Jung's concept of cryptomnesia also ties into his later work on the collective unconscious, where shared human experiences and symbols might be unconsciously "borrowed" and felt as personal inspiration. In essence, cryptomnesia reveals how the boundaries between conscious originality and unconscious recall can blur, impacting creative and intellectual efforts. One of the most famous examples Jung uses is from the case of novelist Helen Keller, who unknowingly replicated the plot of another author's work in one of her own stories. This concept has been influential in fields such as psychology, literature, and copyright law, highlighting the complexities of memory, creativity, and intellectual property
In March of 1911, Jung, Freud and Havelock Ellis were introduced to a Dr. Andrew Davidson, the Secretary of the Section of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, to submit papers to be read at the Congress in Sydney in September 1911. This is a translation of the transcript of that speech. The Complex Theory is one of Carl Jung's fundamental contributions to psychology. This theory revolves around the idea that certain emotionally charged experiences or groups of ideas, which Jung referred to as complexes, can unconsciously influence an individual's behavior, thoughts, and emotions. These complexes often stem from past traumatic or significant experiences, typically in early childhood, that leave a lasting imprint on the psyche. Jung’s complex theory laid the foundation for much of modern depth psychology and psychoanalysis. This edition is a new translation with an Afterword by the Translator, a philosophic index of Jung's terminology and a timeline of his life and works. Jung respects Prince as a capable researcher with significant achievements in psychopathology, particularly in dissociative states, which earned him recognition in both Europe and the United States. Prince applied his analytic method to six dreams of a patient with dissociative identity disorder, utilizing both hypnosis and free association. While Prince acknowledged Freud's genius in uncovering that dreams are not random, but instead have an underlying logical structure, Prince disputed Freud's theory that dreams universally represent wish-fulfillment. In some cases, Prince found that dreams expressed fears or frustrations rather than the fulfillment of desires. Jung, however, points out a fundamental flaw in Prince's analysis. According to Jung, Prince confused the manifest content of the dreams with their latent content. While Prince viewed some dreams as reflecting fears, Jung insisted that even these could be interpreted as wish-fulfillment, particularly through the lens of Freudian dream interpretation. For example, Jung argued that a dream where the patient is attacked or in distress might reflect a deeper unconscious desire for attention or care, a need fulfilled by the dream despite its seemingly negative content.
This manuscript is a new translation from the German version of a Lecture delivered by Carl Jung in the Section of Psychiatry at the Royal Society of Medicine on 11 July 1911 in London. The original title of the German version is "Über das Problem der Psychogenese bei Geisteskrankheiten" This edition is a new translation with an Afterword by the Translator, a philosophic index of Jung's terminology and a timeline of his life and works. Jung discusses the often overlooked psychological aspects of the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness, emphasising the importance of considering psychogenic factors alongside physical causes. The author highlights the historical shift in psychiatry towards a scientific approach, which often leads to a focus on physical aetiology at the expense of psychological understanding. This bias is illustrated by a case study of a misdiagnosed woman in whom psychological factors were ignored. The article argues that many mental illnesses, particularly those that fall under the umbrella of dementia praecox, are not purely organic and have significant psychological components. The author argues that many psychiatric and neurological professionals lack adequate training in psychology, leading to an underestimation of the role of psychological factors in mental illness. The article also discusses the importance of detailed patient histories and psychological analysis in understanding and treating mental disorders, and uses several case studies to illustrate the profound impact of psychological factors on mental health conditions. The author argues for a more balanced approach to psychiatry, integrating both physical and psychological perspectives.
The internet is a compelling tool for research, enabling efficient, cost-effective data collection and facilitating access to large samples and new populations. This book presents a state-of-the-art guide to the internet as a tool for conducting research in the social and behavioural sciences using qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. New to this edition: Fully re-written to reflect the emergence of Web 2.0 technologies Expanded coverage of web surveys for data collection Unobtrusive methods to harvest data from online archives and documents New practical tools and resources, where to find them, and how to keep up-to-date with new developments as they emerge New chapter on research ethics and discussion of ethical practicalities throughout Guiding the reader through the theoretical, ethical and practical issues of using the internet in research, this is an essential resource for researchers wishing to assess how the latest techniques, tools and methods in internet-mediated research may support and expand research in their own field.
This manuscript was originally a Lecture given in English by Carl Jung at the Psycho-Medical August 1913, first published under the title "the Psycho-Medical Society" (Cockermouth 1913) in the journal of Analytical Psychology. This manuscript is a new translation from the unpublished German manuscript, which is more detailed than the simplified English lecture. The original German manuscript is titled "General Aspects of Psychoanalysis" and was written in 1913. This edition is a new translation with an Afterword by the Translator, a philosophic index of Jung's terminology and a timeline of his life and works. This edition is a new translation with an Afterword by the Translator, a philosophic index of Jung's terminology and a timeline of his life and works. In this work, Jung provides a broader framework for psychoanalysis by integrating his emerging ideas on the unconscious with his critique of Freud’s sexual theory. He discusses psychoanalysis beyond Freud’s original scope, offering an expanded view of the unconscious that includes not only personal experiences but also inherited, collective aspects. Jung also explores the therapeutic applications of these ideas, advocating for an approach that accounts for the whole psyche, not just repressed sexuality. This piece signals Jung’s increasing divergence from Freudian orthodoxy. Carl Jung addresses here the philosophical and methodological foundations of psychoanalysis. Jung criticizes the prevailing tendencies of the time to reduce psychoanalysis to a mechanistic procedure, neglecting the profound psychological complexities of the human unconscious. He positions psychoanalysis not only as a science, but as a discipline that bridges psychology and philosophical inquiry, especially in understanding the unconscious. Jung criticizes the simplistic view that psychoanalysis is merely an "extended anamnesis," an extended recollection of conscious memories and events. Instead, he asserts that psychoanalysis deals with unconscious psychological determinants and involves a far more complex process of uncovering deeper layers of the psyche. This is achieved through the analysis of seemingly random or coincidental material, where unconscious patterns can emerge. He further explores the reluctance of the scientific and medical communities to embrace psychoanalysis, attributing this reluctance largely to its association with sexuality due to Freud's emphasis, lamenting that many scientists have dismissed psychoanalysis because of its focus on the sexual aspects of the unconscious, while failing to grasp the broader implications of Freud's findings for understanding human behavior.
Jung's early 1906 work "On the Behavior of Reaction Time in Association Experiments" (original German "Psychoanalyse und Assoziationsexperiment") was published in the Journal "Diagnostic Association Studies" in 1904. Here a young Jung, while working at the Bürghölzli psychiatric clinic in Zurich, explores concepts such as the Word Association Test, Identification of Complexes, the Nature of Complexes and Psychotherapeutic implications of these concepts. This edition is a new translation from the original German manuscript with an Afterword by the Translator, a philosophic index of Jung's terminology and a timeline of his life and works. This essay was published in the Scientific Psychology Journal "Diagnostische Assoziationsstudien" (Diagnostic Association Studies) and it represents one of his earlier forays into experimental psychology. The publication, co-authored with Franz Riklin, aimed to investigate and understand the unconscious processes affecting an individual's conscious responses to stimuli. It marked an important phase in Jung's exploration of the unconscious mind. Through word association tests, he identified the presence of emotionally charged complexes that affect conscious thought, laying the groundwork for many of his later theories. Here we see Jung fully under the influence of Frued's 1901 work "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life".
Jung's early article "A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Number Dream" (original German title "Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Zahlentraumes") is a commentary on Numberology in relation to Frued's dream theories. This was published in "Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse" in Wiesbaden in 1910. This was one of 8 articles he contributed to this magazine defending the scientific nature of Psychology. This edition is a new translation with an Afterword by the Translator, a philosophic index of Jung's terminology and a timeline of his life and works. Jung argues that number dreams can reveal underlying psychic structures, often pointing toward an individual’s unconscious thoughts and feelings. These numbers are not only a reflection of the personal unconscious but also play a significant role in representing archetypal themes, such as unity, duality, or completeness, depending on the numbers appearing in the dream. The number "three," for example, might symbolize the process of individuation or a developmental stage in the psyche’s evolution toward self-awareness. In his analysis, Jung draws from various cultural and historical sources, illustrating that numbers have held profound symbolic meaning across different civilizations. This essay demonstrates Jung's early interest in the symbolic language of the unconscious and how it communicates through seemingly mundane elements, such as numbers. By emphasizing the importance of numerology in dream analysis, Jung expanded the analytical psychology toolkit, suggesting that symbols like numbers could be valuable in understanding the unconscious mind's messages. Additionally, Jung links this concept to his broader work on synchronicity and the idea that certain events or symbols, such as specific numbers appearing in dreams or real life, are not merely coincidences but rather meaningful, acausal connections.
Jung presents a case study of a female prisoner experiencing hysterical stupor, offering insights into the understanding of hysteria and its presentation under the conditions of incarceration. Jung's analysis was groundbreaking for its focus on how environmental factors, like the stress of imprisonment, might trigger or exacerbate hysterical symptoms. By exploring the psychological effects of incarceration, Jung began to shape the discourse around the causes of mental illness, focusing less on inherent defects in the individual and more on their surroundings and experiences. This case study was also one of his early explorations into how trauma and emotional repression might manifest as physical symptoms, which would later form part of his broader psychoanalytic and psychotherapeutic theories. It represents an early contribution to what would later evolve into his theory of complexes and the collective unconscious. This case is an important step in Jung’s clinical career, as it illustrates his growing interest in the deeper, unconscious factors influencing mental health. His investigation also touches on the legal and ethical questions surrounding mental illness in incarcerated individuals, making it an early forensic psychiatric case. This is a new translation into American English of Jung's early 1902 "Ein Fall von hysterischem Stupor bei einer Untersuchungsgefangenen". This edition contains a new translation from the original German manuscript with an Afterword by the Translator, a philosophic index of Jung's terminology and a timeline of his life and works.
Carl Jung's 1912 On Psychoanalysis is a critical early work where he defends the metaphyschological principles of Psychology. This was first published in the magazine "Neue Zürcher Zeitung" under the title "Zur Psychoanalyse". Here Jung defends the basic tenants of Freudian psychoanalysis against criticisms of perversity, arguing that neither he nor Freud advocates for acting out sexual desires. This edition is a new translation with an Afterword by the Translator, a philosophic index of Jung's terminology and a timeline of his life and works. This is one of Jung's early defenses of psychoanalysis, published in the Swiss newspaper Neue Zürcher Zeitung. In this letter, Jung addresses criticisms against psychoanalysis, especially its focus on sexual development and the unconscious. While still aligned with Freud at the time, Jung emphasizes the scientific basis of psychoanalytic methods and argues for their relevance in both clinical and academic settings. Jung uses this public forum to highlight the importance of psychoanalysis in understanding deeper psychological conflicts, aiming to broaden its acceptance beyond the psychiatric community. This text was crucial in promoting psychoanalysis in Switzerland and beyond.
This is a critical article written but Jung in 1911 on an article which criticized his theories, titled "Morton Prince M.D.:The Mechanism and Interpretation of Dreams: A Critical Review" The original manuscript of this article was published in "Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische und psychopathologische Forchungen" in Wien and Leipzig in 1911. The article that Jung is criticizing was published in English in the Journal of Abnormal Psychology (Boston 1910). Here Jung extensively responds to criticism of Psychoanalytical theory, and quotes from Morton Prince in English extensively. Jung also talks about Professor Hoche in Freiburg who described Freud and his school as "afflicted by epidemic madness" and wrote a famous article about it. Jung respects Prince as a capable researcher with significant achievements in psychopathology, particularly in dissociative states, which have earned him recognition in both Europe and the United States. Prince applied his analytical method to six dreams of a patient with dissociative identity disorder, using both hypnosis and free association. While acknowledging Freud's genius in revealing that dreams are not random but have an underlying logical structure, Prince disputed Freud's theory that dreams universally represent wish fulfillment. In some cases, Prince found that dreams expressed fears or frustrations rather than the fulfillment of desires. Jung, however, points out a fundamental flaw in Prince's analysis. According to Jung, Prince confused the manifest content of dreams with their latent content. While Prince saw some dreams as reflecting fears, Jung insisted that even these could be interpreted as wish fulfillment, especially through the lens of Freudian dream interpretation. For example, Jung argued that a dream in which the patient is assaulted or in distress may reflect a deeper unconscious need for attention or care, a need that the dream fulfills despite its seemingly negative content. This Reader's Edition is a new translation with an Afterword by the Translator, a philosophic index of Jung's terminology and a timeline of his life and works.
Jung's early essay "Psychoanalysis and association experiment" (Psychoanalyse und Assoziationsexperiment) was published in the Journal "Diagnostic Association Studies" in 1904. Here a young Jung, while working at the Bürghölzli psychiatric clinic in Zurich, explores concepts such as the Word Association Test, Identification of Complexes, the Nature of Complexes and Psychotherapeutic implications of these concepts. This edition is a new translation from the original German manuscript with an Afterword by the Translator, a philosophic index of Jung's terminology and a timeline of his life and works. This essay was published in the Scientific Psychology Journal "Diagnostische Assoziationsstudien" (Diagnostic Association Studies) and it represents one of his earlier forays into experimental psychology. The publication, co-authored with Franz Riklin, aimed to investigate and understand the unconscious processes affecting an individual's conscious responses to stimuli. It marked an important phase in Jung's exploration of the unconscious mind. Through word association tests, he identified the presence of emotionally charged complexes that affect conscious thought, laying the groundwork for many of his later theories. Here we see Jung fully under the influence of Frued's 1901 work "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life". In Psychoanalysis and the Association Experiment (Psychoanalyse und Assoziationsexperiment), published in 1904, Carl Jung explores the application of the word association test within psychoanalysis. This early study marked a significant development in Jung’s contributions to experimental psychology and laid the groundwork for his later theories on the unconscious and psychological complexes. The word association experiment involved presenting subjects with a series of stimulus words and recording their immediate responses. By analyzing the latency (reaction time) and the emotional intensity of the responses, Jung believed that underlying, emotionally charged complexes could be revealed. These complexes, according to Jung, were clusters of repressed emotions and thoughts buried in the unconscious, often linked to unresolved conflicts from earlier life experiences. In this study, Jung examined the nature of these complexes and their effect on both conscious and unconscious behavior. The experiment demonstrated that certain words triggered longer reaction times or unusual responses, signaling that the subject had an emotional conflict tied to that word. This method allowed for indirect access to the subject’s unconscious, a revolutionary approach at the time that differed from Freud’s focus on dream analysis or free association. Jung’s use of the association test not only deepened the understanding of individual psychological dynamics but also contributed to the early foundations of personality theory.
This is a lecture given by Carl Jung at the First International Congress of Psychiatry and Neurology, Amsterdam, September 1907. It was first published a year later in Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie in Berlin in 1908. This edition is a new translation from the original German manuscript with an Afterword by the Translator, a philosophic index of Jung's terminology and a timeline of his life and works. In this lecture, Jung attacks Freud's theories around Hysteria and sexuality, especially his theories of developmental sexuality. This was one of the works that led to Freud's break from Jung. Hysteria, traditionally thought to have physical origins or to be caused by neurological damage, was reinterpreted by Freud and Jung as a disorder rooted in unresolved unconscious emotional conflicts, particularly of a sexual nature. Freud's theory proposed that these repressed desires or traumatic experiences, particularly those from childhood, manifested in somatic symptoms, such as paralysis, blindness, or other dramatic physical disturbances without any underlying medical cause. Jung, at this time closely allied with Freud, reinforced this psychodynamic understanding of hysteria, emphasizing the psychological rather than purely physiological basis for the disorder. Jung’s defense of Freud’s theory involved a critique of contemporary psychiatric methods that leaned too heavily on hereditary or physical explanations for hysteria. He argued that the emotional and unconscious life of the patient was of paramount importance, asserting that hysterical symptoms are expressions of inner psychic struggles. This essay marked an early phase in Jung’s career, during which he largely accepted Freud’s focus on sexuality as central to the origins of neurotic disorders. In this response, Jung methodically counters Aschaffenburg’s skepticism by presenting case studies and psychoanalytic evidence supporting Freud’s theory. His argument underscores the revolutionary nature of psychoanalysis at the time, as it shifted the medical field’s understanding of mental illness from the body to the mind. Though this essay illustrates Jung’s strong alignment with Freud’s ideas, it also foreshadows his eventual departure from Freud’s emphasis on sexuality, as Jung would later expand his theory of the unconscious to include broader psychic and archetypal forces.
Jung's early 1906 work "Expert Opinion on Two Contradictory Psychiatric Reports" (original German: Obergutachten über zwei widersprechende psychiatrische Gutachten" is a window into Jung's clinical work and the development of his therapeutic method. This edition is a new translation from the original German manuscript with an Afterword by the Translator, a philosophic index of Jung's terminology and a timeline of his life and works. Jung's article discusses two cases involving conflicting psychiatric reports. In both cases, the individuals were accused of fraudulent activities and the question of their mental state was investigated. The first case (referred to as Case A) involves a woman who allegedly defrauded two people by claiming to have won a lottery prize. The second case (referred to as Case B) involves a woman who also defrauded someone using a similar lottery-related scheme. The article presents the results of psychiatric assessments in both cases. In Case A, the assessment suggests that the individual shows signs of hysteria and a pathological belief in the existence of a person named Baumann who was central to her fraudulent activities. The assessment concludes that the person's moral deficiency, combined with hysteria, led to a diminished responsibility. However, it acknowledges that the assessment is based on limited information and that there may be uncertainties about the belief in Baumann. In Case B, the assessment suggests that the individual is morally deficient and hysterical. It argues that the fraudulent actions are primarily the result of her moral failings rather than hysteria. The assessment also highlights the individual's manipulative and persuasive skills, which are often associated with hysteria. It concludes that the individual's actions are driven by moral issues rather than hysteria. Jung raises questions about the relationship between moral deficiency and hysteria in these cases and highlights the need for reform in the legal system, suggesting that society should find ways to protect itself from individuals with diminished responsibility, rather than relying on psychiatric institutions to deal with the consequences of a flawed legal system. Jung’s contribution to this case is notable for his application of psychoanalytic concepts to forensic evaluation. He scrutinizes the methodology and conclusions of the two reports, assessing the psychological diagnoses and the validity of the tests and methods used by his colleagues. His expert opinion highlights the inherent difficulties in determining criminal responsibility when mental illness is involved, particularly in cases where simulation or malingering might obscure the truth. One of the reports suggests that the defendant's actions were driven by psychopathy and moral deficiency, whereas the opposing report attributes the behavior to hysteria and diminished responsibility. Jung provides a nuanced analysis of both reports, suggesting that the defendants' psychological conditions might not fit neatly into one diagnosis. He emphasizes the importance of considering both conscious and unconscious factors, as well as the broader context of the individual's psychological history, in reaching a more comprehensive diagnosis. Jung’s work here contributed to the development of forensic psychiatry by advocating for more rigorous psychological assessments in criminal cases. He argued for a deeper exploration of the unconscious motives and moral conflicts behind criminal behavior, moving beyond surface-level psychiatric evaluations.
On the Manic Mood is an early clinical case study of Jung (Original German title: Über hysterisches Verlesen). This edition contains a new translation from the original German manuscript with an Afterword by the Translator, a philosophic index of Jung's terminology and a timeline of his life and works. Here, Jung explores the mood disturbances characteristic of manic states, contributing to the early understanding of bipolar disorder, which was then often referred to as manic depression. He presents a comprehensive study of the clinical manifestation of what the author describes as "manic mood," a condition associated with psychopathic inferiority and characterized by submanic symptoms that often date back to adolescence. The text outlines several case studies, detailing the patients' hereditary factors, early life, and course of illness. Key symptoms identified include emotional instability, flight of ideas, distractibility, excessive busyness, and a cheerful mood, often mixed with other psychopathic traits. This essay dives into the nuances of hypomanic states, where patients experience heightened mental activity and emotional fluctuations without crossing into psychosis. Jung observes the correlation between early childhood trauma and the development of these submanic symptoms, noting how certain hereditary factors contribute to a psychopathic inferiority complex. His work emphasizes the spectrum nature of mood disorders, helping early researchers distinguish between mania and hypomania.
This work is an exchange of letters between Jung and Dr. R. Loy, the doctor in charge of the sanatorium L'Abri in Montreux-Territet. This exchange was first published by Franz Deuticke Verlag, Leipzig and Vienna in 1914, and printed by Dr. Loy himself, who included a forward. This exchange of letters between Carl Jung and Dr. R. Loy, a prominent psychiatrist, captures a rich dialogue on the role of psychoanalysis in therapy. In this correspondence, Jung critiques traditional suggestive therapy and hypnosis, advocating for a more exploratory approach that encourages the patient to confront their unconscious conflicts directly. Jung’s letters express his belief that therapy should not merely aim to suppress symptoms but to facilitate deeper psychological development and individuation. These letters reveal Jung's philosophical views on the therapeutic process and mark his distancing from Freud's methods. This edition is a new translation with an Afterword by the Translator, a philosophic index of Jung's terminology and a timeline of his life and works. A beautiful example of the debates within the budding 20tth-century field of Psychology, Dr. Loy and Dr. Jung discuss various aspects of psychoanalysis, the role of the therapist and the nature of psychological healing. Dr Loy, who practised suggestive therapy and later studied Freudian psychoanalysis, expresses scepticism about some of Freud's interpretations, particularly the universal symbolism of dreams and their exclusively sexual connotations. Jung responds by acknowledging the value of various psychotherapeutic methods, including suggestive therapy, while stressing the importance of understanding the moral conflicts behind neurotic fantasies. He criticises the cathartic method and expresses doubts about the therapeutic value of reliving traumatic events, which he sees as often fantastical or exaggerated. Both discuss the role of the therapist's personality in the healing process and the importance of the patient's trust in the therapist. Jung criticises the use of hypnosis and suggestive methods, preferring direct engagement with the patient's psyche. He argues for a psychoanalytic approach that seeks to understand underlying moral conflicts and encourages the patient's self-discovery and personal growth. Loy's research explores the practical application of psychoanalysis, the challenge of conflicting literature in the field, and the potential influence of the therapist's suggestions on the patient's psyche. Jung emphasises the importance of the analyst's neutrality and the need for the patient to find his or her own path to healing, arguing against any form of suggestion that would impose the therapist's beliefs or goals on the patient.
During the 1950s, when less than 20 percent of American high school graduates attended college, a group of ambitious young African Americans enrolled at Ohio University, a predominantly white school in Athens, Ohio. Because they were a tiny, barely tolerated minority, they banded together, supported each other, and formed lasting bonds. Years later, at a series of “Soulful Reunions,” they recalled the joys and challenges of living on a white campus before the civil rights era, and eighteen of them decided to share their stories. The authors of the eighteen autobiographical sketches in Soulful Bobcats were a diverse group. They were athletes, rhetoricians, musicians, and actresses; they aspired to professions in the military, business, education, government, architecture, and the arts. Some grew up in poor families, while others enjoyed the comforts of the middle class. But they had several things in common. They all came from families that believed education was important. They had been taught to avoid trouble, to persist despite setbacks, and to expect to encounter prejudice and even discrimination. The authors vividly describe instances in which they were humiliated—by other students, by professors, or by townspeople—as well as the few occasions when violence seemed inevitable. In addition, they describe their “first,” including becoming the first African American students at Ohio University to be awarded scholarships for their prowess in football, basketball, track, and tennis; the first to compete for titles such as “Mr. Fraternity” or “Queen of the Military Ball”; the first to appear in theatrical performances alongside their white schoolmates. They also tell of their success in providing a social life for themselves by organizing two Greek letter fraternities and one sorority, holding their own off-campus dances, and joining the few campus organizations that were open to them. Above all, their stories speak to a resilience that allowed these “Soulful Bobcats” to learn from their experiences at Ohio University, to engage in meaningful careers, and to lead rich, fulfilling lives.
Roderick Main brings together a selection of both the well-known and less acessible of Jung's writings on psychic phenomena and synchronicity. His introduction sets out clearly the theory of synchronicity, clarifying the more complex issues.
DNA in the nucleus of plant and animal cells is stored in the form of chromatin. Chromatin and the Chromatin remodelling enzymes play an important role in gene transcription.
This publication centers on the extraordinary ideas in and concepts of physics of th CarI Friedrich von Weizs?cker. At the time of his 90 birthday on June 28, 2002, it seems the right moment to try such a survey. The themes of two Festschrifts for CarI th th Friedrich von Weizs?cker on the occasion of his 60 and 70 birthdays (E. Scheibe and G. Suessmann (eds. ): Einheit und Vielheit, and K. Meyer-Abich (ed. ): Physik, Philosophie und Politik) were his unique capability to encompass physics, philosophy and politics. He may be more known publicly today for his efforts for containment of the Cold War nuclear threat, for the abolition of war as an instrument of international politics, for the social responsibility of scientists, and for the Conciliar Process of the Churches for Justice, Peace and the Integrity of Creation. But physics has been his primary professional vocation and has always remained in the center of his thought and life. But even in light of the physics focus of this book, it would not do justice to CarI Friedrich von Weizs?cker to re strict his achievements in physics to efforts only accessible to professionals. The contributions in Part 1 show how his very concentration on physics has led him to take an active part in problems of politics, social change, philosophy and religion.
In 1906, Carl Jung published "Freud's Theory of Hysteria. A Reply to the Aschaffenburg Critique" (Die Hysterielehre Freuds. Eine Erwiderung auf die Aschaffenburgsche Kritik), which represents one of his early defenses of Freud’s psychoanalytic theories, particularly concerning the origins and nature of hysteria. This essay was written in response to a critique by Gustav Aschaffenburg, a well-known German psychiatrist who challenged Freud’s theory, particularly its emphasis on the sexual etiology of hysteria. Aschaffenburg argued that Freud's views were overly focused on sexual factors and failed to adequately consider other potential causes, such as hereditary or environmental factors. In his reply, Jung supports Freud’s theory that repressed sexual trauma and desires were central to the development of hysterical symptoms. Jung defended Freud’s notion that hysteria is linked to unresolved psychosexual conflicts, particularly those emerging from early childhood. At this stage in his career, Jung was still closely aligned with Freud’s thinking, and his defense highlights his deep involvement with psychoanalysis prior to his later theoretical divergences from Freud. Jung’s argument in this essay not only emphasizes the importance of psychoanalytic theory but also showcases his willingness to engage critically with contemporary psychiatry. He methodically addresses Aschaffenburg’s critiques, arguing that Freud’s theory offers the most coherent explanation for the wide variety of symptoms exhibited by hysterical patients. In doing so, Jung also touches on broader psychoanalytic themes, such as the unconscious mind and repression, setting the stage for his later developments in the field. A new translation of Jung's initial criticisms of Freud's theories printed in 1906 and originally titled "Die Hysterielehre Freuds. Eine Erwiderung auf die Aschaffenburgsche Kritik" and was first printed in the "Münchner medizinische Wochenschrift" in München 1906. This is an early detailed critique and discussion of Freud's theory on hysteria, specifically addressing Aschaffenburg's critique of this theory. The text delves into various aspects of Freud's ideas, including the role of sexuality in the development of psychoneuroses and the validity of Freud's psychological theories related to dreams, wit, and disturbances in everyday thinking. This edition is a new translation from the original German manuscript with an Afterword by the Translator, a philosophic index of Jung's terminology and a timeline of his life and works.
A guide to osteoporosis presents new information on how to prevent and treat the illness, explaining how nutritional therapies can reduce bone loss without detrimental side effects.
In Psychological Types (1921), Carl Jung presents a framework for understanding individual differences in personality by identifying two basic attitudes: extraversion and introversion. Extraverts are outward-focused, gaining energy from their interactions with the external world, while introverts are inward-focused, deriving energy from their inner thoughts and feelings. Jung emphasizes that while most people tend to favor one attitude, both exist in the psyche and can be accessed as needed. This dynamic shapes how individuals engage with the world and their surroundings. In addition to these attitudes, Jung introduces four psychological functions that define how individuals process information and make decisions. These functions are divided into two categories: rational and irrational. The rational functions include thinking, which is logical and objective, and feeling, which evaluates based on personal values and subjective experience. The irrational functions are sensation, which relies on perceiving concrete reality, and intuition, which involves perceiving possibilities and abstract connections. Each individual tends to favor one of these functions, further influencing their personality type. Jung’s typology leads to the creation of eight primary personality types based on combinations of attitudes (introversion/extraversion) and dominant functions (thinking, feeling, sensation, intuition). For example, an introverted thinking type primarily processes the world through internal logic, while an extraverted feeling type engages with the world based on emotional and social values. Here in his famous 1921 Psychological Types (Psychologische Typen) Jung elaborates on the differences in fundamental psychological orientations among individuals. According to Jung, these orientations define how individuals perceive the world and make decisions. The core of this theory revolves around two Kantian Antinomies: Attitude and Function types. One of Jung’s most important works, Psychological Types introduces the distinction between introversion and extroversion as fundamental orientations of human personality. Jung also elaborates on the four psychological functions—thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition—each of which can be dominant in an individual’s personality. This book was essential in the development of personality theory and has had a lasting influence on psychology, particularly through the development of personality tests like the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). Jung’s typology provides a framework for understanding the diversity of human behavior and cognition, emphasizing that psychological health comes from balancing and integrating these different functions and attitudes. This edition contains a new translation from the original German manuscript with an Afterword by the Translator, a philosophic index of Jung's terminology and a timeline of his life and works.
This early 1914 lecture by Jung (originally titled "Über die Bedeutung des Unbewußten in der Psychopathologie") is one of his first commentaries on the practical usage of the concept of the Collective Unconscious. This lecture was given in the Section for Neurology and Psychological Medicine at the Annual Meeting of the British Medical Association, July 1914 in Aberdeen. It was first published in: British Medical Journal II (London 1914) pp. This manuscript is a new translation on the German version of the lecture. This lecture, presented to the British Medical Association, explores the role of the unconscious in the development of psychopathology. Jung argues that unconscious processes often manifest as compensatory mechanisms when the conscious mind is out of balance, leading to psychological disorders. He stresses the importance of integrating unconscious content into consciousness to achieve psychological health, which can prevent the development of mental illness. This lecture further develops his ideas on how unconscious factors, including repressed complexes, play a central role in mental health issues like neurosis and psychosis. This edition is a new translation with an Afterword by the Translator, a philosophic index of Jung's terminology and a timeline of his life and works. Jung explores the concept of the unconscious, particularly its role in psychological disorders. It distinguishes between physiological and psychological unconsciousness, focusing on the latter as the sum of mental processes that are not consciously perceived. The unconscious contains weaker psychic processes that don't cross the threshold of consciousness and often manifest themselves subliminally. The article explores the idea that consciousness is formed from simpler, unconscious elements, and that unconscious content can compensate for conscious attitudes. Examples are given of how unconscious aspects can counterbalance conscious thoughts and actions in both normal and abnormal psychological states. In mental disorders, the unconscious often intrudes into consciousness in distorted forms due to pre-existing resistance, resulting in symptoms such as hallucinations or delusions. These intrusions are seen as failed attempts to compensate for biased conscious attitudes. The play highlights the importance of understanding the unconscious in psychopathology, emphasising its role in compensating and balancing conscious content, and the implications this has for the manifestation of mental disorders.
On Becoming an Effective Teacher describes exemplary practices like Teach For America, which highlight the power of person-centered teaching to bring about higher student achievement and emotional intelligence. Lyon situates the classic with the cutting-edge, integrating wisdom with research, anecdote with practical advice, to find truths that reveal paths toward effective teaching. Jeffrey Cornelius-White, Psy.D., LPC, Professor of Counseling, Missouri State University, USA, Author of Learner Centered Instruction: Building Relationships for Student Success This fascinating book reveals through current research and contemporary applications that Carl Rogers’ pioneering and radical approach to education is as relevant today as it was in the 1970s and ‘80s. Brian Thorne, University of East Anglia, UK Carl Rogers is one of the most influential psychologists of the twentieth century. His influence is similarly outstanding in the fields of education, counselling, psychotherapy, conflict resolution, and peace. On Becoming an Effective Teacher presents the final unpublished writings of Rogers and as such has, not only unique historical value, but also a vital message for today’s educational crises, and can be read as a prescription against violence in our schools. It documents the research results of four highly relevant, related but independent studies which comprise the biggest collection of data ever accumulated to test a person-centred theory in the field of education. This body of comprehensive research on effective teaching was accomplished over a twenty-year period in 42 U.S. States and in six other countries including the UK, Germany, Brazil, Canada, Israel, and Mexico and is highly relevant to the concerns of teachers, psychologists, students, and parents. The principal findings of the research in this book show that teachers and schools can significantly improve their effectiveness through programs focusing on facilitative interpersonal relationships. Teachers who either naturally have, or are trained to have empathy, genuineness (congruence), and who prize their students (positive regard) create an important level of trust in the classroom and exert significant positive effects on student outcomes including achievement scores, interpersonal functioning, self-concept, attendance, and violence. The dialogues between Rogers and Lyon offer a unique and timeless perspective on teaching, counselling and learning. The work of Reinhard Tausch on person-centered teaching for counselors, parents, athletics, and even textbook materials, and the empathic interactions of teachers and students, is among the most thorough and rigorous research ever accomplished on the significance and potential of a person-centered approach to teaching and learning. This pioneering textbook is highly relevant to educational psychologists and researchers, as well as those in undergraduate and graduate university courses in education, teacher training, counseling, psychology and educational psychology.
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