Private military and security companies (PMSCs) have been used in every peace operation since 1990, and reliance on them is increasing at a time when peace operations themselves are becoming ever more complex. This book provides an essential foundation for the emerging debate on the use of PMSCs in this context. It clarifies key issues such as whether their use complies with the principles of peacekeeping, outlines the implications of the status of private contractors as non-combatants under international humanitarian law, and identifies potential problems in holding states and international organizations responsible for their unlawful acts. Written as a clarion call for greater transparency, this book aims to inform the discussion to ensure that international lawyers and policy makers ask the right questions and take the necessary steps so that states and international organizations respect the law when endeavouring to keep peace in an increasingly privatized world.
This is the first and leading comprehensive guide to security for costs in international arbitration, including commercial and investment arbitration, providing a text which will be the key resource for those considering, making and ruling on applications for security for costs. It is the first and only work to consider the 40+ factors informing the discretion to award security for costs. The author begins with an introduction and description of the security of costs controversy in international arbitration, and then explains the developing approach of arbitral tribunals to applications for security for costs, with reference to decisions published by ICC and ASA, and statistics of LCIA and decisions of the UK courts when they had the power to grant security for costs in international arbitration. The book features an analysis of the reasons given for restricting security for costs in international commercial arbitration to ‘exceptional circumstances’ or similar. The author conveys discretionary factors taken into account by the courts and arbitral tribunals in considering applications for security for costs, special considerations for investor-state arbitrations, the correct approach to the exercise of the discretion, the manner of making and resisting applications, appropriate orders to be made on applications, and consequences of orders. This book is written for all arbitration practitioners around the world, including arbitrators ruling on applications. The work would be incidentally useful to litigation practitioners as it necessarily considers applications for security for costs in litigation.
How do emerging states become full, functioning members of the international system? In this book, Cameron G. Thies argues that new and emerging states are subject to socialization efforts by current member states, which guide them in locating their position in the international system. Thies develops a theoretical approach to understanding how states socialize each other into and out of different roles in the international system, such as regional power, ally, and peacekeeper. The concept of state socialization is developed using role theory, a middle-range theory developed in the interdisciplinary field of social psychology. This middle-range theory helps to flesh out the theoretical mechanisms often missing in grand theories like neorealism and constructivism. The result is a structural theory of international politics that also allows for the explanation of actual foreign policy behavior by states. The foreign policy histories of the U.S. and Israel are analyzed using this theoretical approach to show how international social pressure has affected the kinds of roles they have adopted throughout their histories, as well as the kinds of roles that they have not been allowed to adopt. By considering the effects of international socialization attempts on their foreign policy behavior, Thies shows the well-known cases of the U.S. and Israel in a new light. The United States, Israel, and the Search for International Order argues that the process by which states learn their appropriate roles and behaviors in the international social order is crucial to understanding international conflict and cooperation, which will be significant for those studying both theory and method in international relations, foreign policy, and diplomatic history.
This electronic version has been made available under a Creative Commons (BY-NC-ND) open access license. Building on earlier work, this text combines theoretical perspectives with empirical work, to provide a comparative analysis of the electoral systems, party systems and governmental systems in the ethnic republics and regions of Russia. It also assesses the impact of these different institutional arrangements on democratization and federalism, moving the focus of research from the national level to the vitally important processes of institution building and democratization at the local level and to the study of federalism in Russia.
Exploring urban democracy in Russia, this book considers a wide range of cities of different types, and of different political allegiances, showing that the power and status of cities varies tremendously across the federation, as does the development of grassroots democracy.
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS LAW: CASES AND MATERIALS is a timely and useful book. Uncounted millions of “international” transactions occur daily, as goods and services are purchased across the national boundaries of some 200 political units. Capital flows from nation to nation, and so—to a lesser extent—do jobs, as companies seek more favorable locations for their business operations. The “rules” (laws) governing these exchanges quickly become complex, as persons (and governments) from different countries are involved. If problems arise in a cross-border relationship, whose rules apply? What forums are available to resolve disputes? Are there tax implications to the transaction? If so, where? These and similar questions need to be factored into the decision to “go overseas.” Each of the six chapters in this book begins with a brief overview of the subject-matter, followed by short previews of the chosen case examples. The primary content of the chapters consists of some 120 court and arbitration decisions in real disputes, between real parties. The actual text of the decisions in these cases has been edited; some excerpts are quite brief, others are more substantial. Most “background” facts have been summarized by the author, but the edited-decision part of each case is quoted from the actual recorded text of the court or arbitrator who decided it. Clearly, a minute sample from tens of thousands of cases cannot provide comprehensive coverage of what all the world’s legal rules are. Our objectives here are simply to indicate some of the major potential “flash points” of doing international business, to illustrate some of the significant differences in the applicable legal rules, and to provide an exposure to the language and process by which international business disputes are resolved. “Fore-warned is fore-armed.” Being aware of these potential trouble spots, a sensible business manager will presumably consider them in making the decision to engage in cross-border transactions, and take appropriate steps to avoid or minimize potential adverse consequences. Chapter I of this book introduces International Law—its course of development and its two major sources (custom and treaties). Chapter II examines the use of national and international courts and arbitrators to resolve cross-border disputes. Chapter III provides basic coverage of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: when it applies, how the sale contract is formed, when risk of loss on the goods passes from Seller to Buyer, and what responsibilities the Seller has for the quality of the goods sold. Chapter IV looks at some of the legal questions that might arise in conducting cross-border commercial operations—employment issues, intellectual property issues, and investment issues. Chapter V considers potential questions regarding taxation of international activities, and the regulation of adverse environmental effects. Chapter VI reviews the efforts by national governments to apply their competition regulations to international business transactions, and the difficulties that private parties might have in attempting to enforce legal claims against governments and their agencies. While these are surely not the only legal issues that might arise in connection with international business, they do constitute a significant set of concerns of which managers need to be aware as they venture into the international “stream of commerce.”
Since the decision of the International Court of Justice in LaGrand (Germany v United States of America), the law of provisional measures has expanded dramatically both in terms of the volume of relevant decisions and the complexity of their reasoning. Provisional Measures before International Courts and Tribunals seeks to describe and evaluate this expansion, and to undertake a comparative analysis of provisional measures jurisprudence in a range of significant international courts and tribunals so as to situate interim relief in the wider procedure of those adjudicative bodies. The result is the first comprehensive examination of the law of provisional measures in over a decade, and the first to compare investor-state arbitration jurisprudence with more traditional inter-state courts and tribunals.
Thomson's Delictual Liability is the leading text on this complex area of law providing both students and practitioners with an indispensable guide to the Scots law of delict. Gordon Cameron LL.B. (Hons); M.Sc. has skilfully updated the sixth edition of this text throughout, taking account of the Defamation and Malicious Publication (Scotland) Act 2021 and major revisions in the areas of: - Negligence - Privacy - Public authorities - Nuisance - Vicarious liability - Defamation Introduction Part I Intentional Delicts 1 Intentional wrongs in respect of persons and property 2 The economic wrongs and fraud Part II Unintentional Delict – General Principles of Liability 3 The duty of care 4 Duty of care as a threshold device 5 Breach of a duty of care 6 Causation and related issues Part III Delictual Liability in Specific and Economic Contexts 7 Professional liability 8 Product liability 9 Delictual liability for animals 10 Delictual liability arising from ownership or occupation of property 11 Breach of statutory duty and public law issues 12 Employers' liability and vicarious liability 13 Delict and the family 14 Delict and road traffic 15 Defamation and Malicious Publication Part IV Damages 16 Damages
Public Sector Reform in South Africa 1994-2021 is an examination of specific public sector reforms in three core Public Administration areas in the democratic South Africa: political-administrative relationships, the delegation of authority to senior managers and performance management.
Ross P. Cameron argues that the flow of time is a genuine feature of reality. He suggests that the best version of the A-Theory is a version of the Moving Spotlight view, according to which past and future beings are real, but there is nonetheless an objectively privileged present. Cameron argues that the Moving Spotlight theory should be viewed as having more in common with Presentism (the view that reality is limited to the present) than with the B-Theory (the view that time is just another dimension like space through which things are spread out). The Moving Spotlight view, on this picture, agrees with Presentism that everything is the way it is now, it simply thinks that non-present beings are amongst the things that are now some way. Cameron argues that the Moving Spotlight theory provides the best account of truthmakers for claims about what was or will be the case, and he defends the view against a number of objections, including McTaggart's argument that the A-Theory is inconsistent, and the charge that if the A-Theory is true but presentism false then we could not know that we are present. The Moving Spotlight defends an account of the open future--that what will happen is, as yet, undetermined--and argues that this is a better account than that available to the Growing Block theory.
Exam Board: Edexcel Level: AS/A-level Subject: Geography First Teaching: September 2016 First Exam: June 2017 Endorsed for Edexcel Trust the leading A level Geography publisher to boost your students' geographical knowledge and skills with a fully updated edition of our bestselling Student's Book; designed to provide the in-depth subject coverage, developmental activities and exam support you need at a time of curriculum change. - Helps students acquire, apply and revise core knowledge using clear explanations of key geographical content and concepts - Progressively builds the geographical and data skills emphasised in the 2016 specification by offering plenty of opportunities to learn and practise relevant skills for each topic - Brings geographical theory to life with a bank of engaging, up-to-date case studies, examples and place contexts - Consolidates topic knowledge and enables students to track their learning with review questions at the end of each chapter - Prepares students for the demands of AS and A level examinations by including numerous exam-style questions, ideal for skills development and rolling revision throughout the course - Makes it easier for you to meet the increased fieldwork requirements, suggesting topic-focused enquiries for both physical and human geography
The Australian Medico-Legal Handbook provides an easily understood reference guide to legal and ethical issues encountered in daily medical practice. It also covers the laws in all Australian jurisdictions, answering the most commonly asked questions in clinical practice - "What if I get sued?", "What do I do if someone refuses treatment?", "What deaths do I refer to the Coroner?", "Who can decide about a child's treatment?", "What if I make a mistake?
Cramming all new-case studies, new geographic data and reams of new questions, this new Pearson Edexcel A-level Geography student book will capture imaginations as it travels around the globe. This new book will help your students develop the geographical skills and knowledge they need to succeed. It has been written by our expert author team and structured to provide support for learners of all abilities. The book includes: · Activities and regular review questions to reinforce geographical knowledge and build up core geographical skills · Clear explanations to help students to grapple with tricky geographical concepts and grasp links between topics · Case studies from around the world to vividly demonstrate geographical theory in action · Exciting fieldwork projects that meet the fieldwork and investigation requirements This student book is supported by digital resources on our new digital platform Boost, providing a seamless online and offline teaching experience.
This book presents a review of Deleuze’s key methods and concepts in the course of exploring how these methods may be applied in contemporary studies of health and illness. Taken from a Deleuzian perspective, health and wellbeing will be characterized as a discontinuous process of affective and relational transitions. The book argues that health, conceived in terms of the quality of life, is advanced or facilitated in the provision of new affective sensitivities and new relational capacities. Following an assessment of Deleuze’s key ideas, the book will offer a series of case studies designed to illustrate how Deleuze’s ideas can be applied to select health problems. This analysis draws out the specific advantages of a Deleuzian approach to public health research, establishing grounds for more widespread engagement with Deleuze’s ideas across the health and social sciences.
Is the nation state under siege? A common answer is that globalization poses two fundamental threats to state sovereignty. The first concerns the unleashing of centrifugal and centripetal forces - such as increasing market integration and the activities of institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and WTO - that imperil state sovereignty from 'outside' the nation state. The second threat emanates from self-determination movements that jeopardize state sovereignty from 'inside'. Rigorously analyzing popular hypotheses on globalization's effect on state sovereignty from a broad social sciences perspective, the authors use empirical evidence to suggest that globalization's multilevel threats to state sovereignty have been overestimated. In most instances globalization is likely to generate pressure for increased government spending while only one form of market integration - foreign direct investment by multinational enterprises - appears to increase any feeling of economic insecurity. This volume will be invaluable to course instructors at both graduate and undergraduate levels, policy makers and members of the general public who are concerned about the effects of globalization on the nation-state.
Encourage students to create their own learning portfolios with the Mark Twain Interactive Notebook: U.S. Constitution for fifth to eighth grades. This interactive notebook emphasizes these important concepts: -principles of U.S. government -citizens’ rights and responsibilities -the Constitution This social studies interactive notebook helps students review and study for tests. Mark Twain Media Publishing Company specializes in providing engaging supplemental books and decorative resources to complement middle- and upper-grade classrooms. Designed by leading educators, this product line covers a range of subjects including mathematics, sciences, language arts, social studies, history, government, fine arts, and character.
Chaco Canyon, the great Ancestral Pueblo site of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, remains a central problem of Southwestern archaeology. Chaco, with its monumental Ògreat houses,Ó was the center of a vast region marked by ÒoutlierÓ great houses. The canyon itself has been investigated for over a century, but only a few of the more than 200 outlier great housesÑkey to understanding Chaco and its timesÑhave been excavated. This volume explores the Chaco and post-Chaco eras in the northern San Juan area through extensive excavations at the Bluff Great House, a major Chaco ÒoutlierÓ in Utah. BluffÕs massive great house, great kiva, and earthen berms are described and compared to other great houses in the northern Chaco region. Those assessments support intriguing new ideas about the Chaco region and the effect of the collapse of Chaco Canyon on ÒoutlyingÓ great houses. New insights from the Bluff Great House clarify the construction and use of great houses during the Chaco era and trace the history of great houses in the generations after ChacoÕs decline. An innovative comparative study of the northern and southern portions of the Chaco world (the northern San Juan area around Bluff and the Cibola area around Zuni) leads to new ideas about population aggregation and regional abandonment in the Southwest. Appendixes on CD-ROM present details and descriptions of artifacts recovered from Bluff: ceramics, projectile points, pollen analyses, faunal remains, bone tools, ornaments, and more. This book is one of only a handful of reports on Chacoan great houses in the northern San Juan region. It provides an in-depth study of the Chaco era and clarifies the relationship of ÒoutlyingÓ great houses to Chaco Canyon. Research at the Bluff Great House begins to answer key questions about the nature of Chaco and its region, and the history of the northern San Juan in the Chaco and post-Chaco worlds.
Help your 5th grader, middle school, or high school child reflect on and build proficiency learning about significant events in US history with the activity-packed Mark Twain Black History Activities Workbook! The 64-page history workbook studies African American history and culture in the United States, with topics including how slavery began, the war to end slavery, reconstruction, the 20th century, and African American achievements. Perfect for both classroom curriculum and homeschool curriculum, the 64-page social studies workbook includes both a Reading Selection, an Activity Page, and graphic organizers to promote reading, critical thinking, and writing skills. This American history workbook promotes current National and State Standards.
In Russia after the Cold War the editors provide an accessible and comprehensive survey of the state of Russia at the end of the twentieth century, as it seeks to come to terms with its new status in the world community, the pressures and tensions arising from economic and social change and with the problems of ensuring a democratic future. Written by a specially commissioned team of internationally respected experts on contemporary Russia, Russia after the Cold War is ideally suited as a main text for introductory courses on modern Russia within a politics, Area Studies or combined social science degree. Contributors: Alexei Avtonomov, Edwin Bacon, John Berryman, Christoph Bluth, Michael Cox, Nadia Davidova, Mark Galeotti, James Hughes, Roger E. Kanet, Julie A. Lund, Nick Manning, Andrew Patmore, Anthony Phillips, Richard Sakwa, Peter Shearman, Mark Webber, Stephen Webber, Stephen White, Matthew Wyman.
Reinforce understanding throughout the course with clear topic summaries and sample questions and answers to help students target higher grades. Written by experienced subject expert Cameron Dunn, this Student Guide is divided into two key sections - content guidance, and sample questions and answers. Content guidance will: - Develop understanding of key concepts and terminology in key human geography topics globalisation, regenerating places, diverse places, superpowers, health, human rights and intervention, and migration, identity and sovereignty. - Consolidate knowledge with 'knowledge check questions' at the end of each topic and answers in the back of the book. Sample questions and answers will: - Build understanding of the different question types, so that students can approach each question with confidence. - Enable students to target top grades in their exam paper with sample answers and commentary explaining exactly why marks have been awarded.
Learn to start open, productive talks about money with your parents as they age As your parents age, you may find that you want or need to broach the often-difficult subject of finances. In Mom and Dad, We Need to Talk: How to Have Essential Conversations with Your Parents About Their Finances, you’ll learn the best ways to approach this issue, along with a wealth of financial and legal information that will help you help your parents into and through their golden years. Sometimes parents are reluctant to address money matters with their adult children, and topics such as long-term care, retirement savings (or lack thereof), and end-of-life planning can be particularly touchy. In this book, you’ll hear from others in your position who have successfully had “the talk” with their parents, and you’ll read about a variety of conversation strategies that can make talking finances more comfortable and more productive. Learn conversation starters and strategies to open the lines of communication about your parents’ finances Discover the essential financial and legal information you should gather from your parents to be prepared for the future Gain insight from others’ stories of successfully talking money with aging parents Gather the courage, hope, and motivation you need to broach difficult subjects such as care facilities and end-of-life plans For children of Baby Boomers and others looking to assist aging parents with their finances, Mom and Dad, We Need to Talk is a welcome and comforting read. Although talking money with your parents can be hard, you aren’t alone, and this book will guide you through the process of having fruitful financial conversations that lead to meaningful action.
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