Chemistry is the science of matter. Anything that can be touched, tasted, smelled, seen or felt is made of chemicals. Chemists transform the everyday materials around us into amazing things. Some chemists work on cures for cold to cancer, while others monitor the ozone layer protecting us from the sun. Some cudgel their heads with thoughts of how chemical propulsion can be used to get out of the earth for happy settlement in other planets. Besides these researches, others discover new materials to make our homes warmer in the winter, or new textiles to be used in the latest fashions. Chemistry and You introduces the fascinating world of chemistry in a way that one can understand and assimilate easily. It talks about the chemistry that established the present atmosphere; the chemistry that helped evolve our culture; that almost doubled the life expectancy of mankind by finding chemical solutions for fatal diseases; that removed famine and poverty by prompting agricultural revolutions through fertilizers, insecticides, etc. This book deals briefly with the relevance of polymers and their applications, especially in aerospace that made many dreams about space travel come true. Chemistry only answers man’s curiosity questions about diverse phenomena, materials, etc. around him.
This book not only introduces the chemistry and physicochemical properties of phthalonitrile resins, but also describes strategies for crosslinking and structural modification. The authors explore blends and composites of phthalonitriles with other high-performance polymers and give an outlook on the future of the field.
Syntactic foams are particulate polymer matrix composite materials consisting of hollow microspheres dispersed in a matrix. The matrix used in syntactic foams can be polymer, metal, or ceramic. Polymer matrices, particularly the thermosetting polymers, have been the most widely accepted matrices in syntactic foams. From the processing and application point of view, thermosetting syntactic foams have many advantages compared to thermoplastic ones. This chapter deals with syntactic foams based on various thermosetting resins and the chemistry of the resin systems. The resin systems are mainly phenolic, epoxy, cyanate ester, siloxane, polybenzoxazine, bismaleimide, and their blends. Apart from a brief chemistry of the parent resin systems, their syntactic foams have been described in detail. The aspects discussed are their processing, physical, thermal, and mechanical properties, applications, and degradation. Their properties can be engineered by a choice of matrix, microcell structure and its concentration, reinforcement, toughners, etc. While the thermal and thermo-physical characteristics are dictated by resin, mechanical and fracture characteristics are decided by both components. While epoxy, cyanate ester, and other such compounds provide structural syntactic foams, phenolics and their new generation versions provide thermo-structural materials. Syntactic foam ablators have made possible interplanetary space missions. Novel engineering concepts like lightweight self-healing give scope for extended applications of these systems. The recent advances in these areas are also discussed. These special materials with high specific strength are slated to replace conventional structural and thermo-structural materials in related engineering applications ranging from domestic to aerospace and defense.
This book is a compilation of selected short stories, essays and poems that the author has written and published through print and social media. Each of these seven stories is written in a unique way, but one common feature of some of the stories is that they are autobiographical. The main character in these is Dr. Shashankan. The intelligent Shashankan often falls into mistakes. One can see how Shashankan's little misdds invite sadness at the end. His mind prepares a plan how to deal with the modern life stuck with cards and numbers, but not how to get out of that entanglement. While trying to mentally ease a complex social reform that appears in another story, it causes turmoil in his own family. We can see how Shashankan, who thinks of himself as a great academician, tries to become the vice chancellor of a university but misses it between cup and lips. With an air of joke, he recounts in a story how he overcame a difficult situation with practical wisdom while bedridden in a hospital. Many of these articles have a chemistry undertone. The format of most of the articles is a scientific review with a critical perspective on various topics of social relevance. Accordingly, the writer has undertaken the task of educating the general public to understand the benefits of plastics and not to blindly oppose them. Examining the scientific side of anti-foods, the author also tries to clear people's misconceptions about substances like calcium carbide in a scientific way.
High-performance polymer matrix composites, particularly those for aerospace applications, are designed to withstand high thermal and aerodynamic stresses. This calls for matrix resins with superior thermal and thermo-mechanical properties. Among the diverse thermoset resins, bismaleimide resins stand out as a class of high-performance, addition-curable polyimide resins with excellent thermal, physical, and thermo-mechanical properties. However, their inherent limitations (including brittleness and poor processability) are impediments for their wide acceptability, thus necessitating their structural modification, co-reaction, or blending with suitable compounds to obviate these shortcomings. The widely accepted strategy for structural modification of BMI for conferring low temperature cure characteristics and enhanced toughness is to react it with allyl functional compounds. The allyl compounds react with maleimide groups via the Alder-ene reaction. This chapter deals with recent advances in this domain. It critically compiles the recent literature on the development of Alder-ene-type BMI polymers based on the reaction of various maleimides with allylated compounds. The various systems, their synthesis strategies, curing, and related properties are discussed. Intersystem comparisons have also been made. Where relevant, the chapter also discusses the cure characteristics of Alder-ene polymerization and further modifications of these resins with high-performance thermosets and thermoplastics. Recent studies on nano-modification of the Alder-ene polymer network have also been reviewed. It is concluded that this area is fast developing, and is an active area of research with the potential for producing advanced engineering plastics for applications ranging from adhesives to high-temperature and high-performance structural composites in the civil, defense, and aerospace industries.
Polybenzoxazines (PBz) belong to the family of new generation phenolic resins. They have emerged as addition-curable polymers. This feature obviates many of the shortcomings associated with conventional phenolic resins. They are endowed with excellent thermal, physical, and thermo-physical properties, and surpass the features of many conventional and state-of-the-art polymers. These unique materials offer extraordinary characteristics: near zero shrinkage, no release of volatiles during cure, high Tg, low flammability, and high UV and chemical stabilities. Given the breadth of molecular design flexibility, a wide variety of polybenzoxazines can be developed. PBz equipped with additional curing groups can generally enhance the overall thermal and mechanical properties. Blends with epoxy resins, cyanate esters, and bismaleimides offer other opportunities for fine-tuning properties. This chapter gives an account of the developments of PBz materials from their inception to the current level of application in engineering areas.
Chemistry is the science of matter. Anything that can be touched, tasted, smelled, seen or felt is made of chemicals. Chemists transform the everyday materials around us into amazing things. Some chemists work on cures for cold to cancer, while others monitor the ozone layer protecting us from the sun. Some cudgel their heads with thoughts of how chemical propulsion can be used to get out of the earth for happy settlement in other planets. Besides these researches, others discover new materials to make our homes warmer in the winter, or new textiles to be used in the latest fashions. Chemistry and You introduces the fascinating world of chemistry in a way that one can understand and assimilate easily. It talks about the chemistry that established the present atmosphere; the chemistry that helped evolve our culture; that almost doubled the life expectancy of mankind by finding chemical solutions for fatal diseases; that removed famine and poverty by prompting agricultural revolutions through fertilizers, insecticides, etc. This book deals briefly with the relevance of polymers and their applications, especially in aerospace that made many dreams about space travel come true. Chemistry only answers man’s curiosity questions about diverse phenomena, materials, etc. around him.
This book not only introduces the chemistry and physicochemical properties of phthalonitrile resins, but also describes strategies for crosslinking and structural modification. The authors explore blends and composites of phthalonitriles with other high-performance polymers and give an outlook on the future of the field.
Polybenzoxazine is a novel class of thermosetting material that belongs to the family of addition-curable phenolic resins. It is a promising high temperature polymer in view of its outstanding thermal, physical, and mechanical properties that are beneficial for their application in aerospace and microelectronics industries. The first objective of this book is to provide the reader with information on the developments and properties of contemporary thermosetting polymers, along with the chemistry and curing kinetics of polybenzoxazines. The unique properties of polybenzoxazines originate from their hydrogen-bonded structures. The second objective of this book is to furnish detailed information on the syntheses and properties of various polybenzoxazines prepared from different monomers. They are categorised mainly into two types; firstly, the benzoxazine monomers containing additional crosslinking groups such as maleimide, nitrile, propargyl, acetylene, furan etc. The other is based on monomers synthesised from different phenols and amines of varying backbone structures. The third objective of this book is to elaborate the preparation and properties of the modified polybenzoxazines such as their blends and nanocomposites. The final objective of this book is to provide specific information on the degradation chemistry of polybenzoxazines under thermal, photochemical and chemical environments. The potential areas of application of these polymer systems are highlighted. This volume is intended to be a quick reference to researchers from the academia and industries on polybenzoxazine science.
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