Does class rank really matter? Q: What do you call the person who’s last in their class in medical or law school? A: Doctor or Lawyer. Q: And, what do you call the person who’s last in their class at West Point, Annapolis or the U.S. Air Force Academy? A: Lieutenant or Ensign. Same Date of Rank salutes 17 men and three women grads at the top and bottom, representing the U.S. Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps. They range from the “goat” or last man in West Point’s Class of 1942, who was the fi rst man in his class promoted to Brigadier General, to a 1999 Annapolis All-American rugby player who has served three tours in Iraq as a Marine Corps Captain. Read about combat leaders, admirals, astronauts, pilots, ship captains, business leaders, an historian, logistics expert, mayor, teacher and software guru. The book also provides class ranks of many famous academy grads from George Pickett and George Armstrong Custer (lasts) to Robert E. Lee and Douglas Mac Arthur (2nd and 1st) as well as Dwight Eisenhower, Jimmy Carter, John McCain, and Jim Webb plus athletes like Roger Staubach of the NFL and David Robinson of the NBA. And, it includes timely information about how to apply to each of the three academies.
E. F. Codd's relational model of data has been described as one of the three greatest inventions of all time (the other two being agriculture and the scientific method), and his receipt of the 1981 ACM Turing Award-the top award in computer science-for inventing it was thoroughly deserved. The papers in which Codd first described his model were staggering in their originality; they had, and continue to have, a huge impact on just about every aspect of the way we do business in the world today. And yet few people, even in the professional database community, are truly familiar with those papers. This book is an attempt to remedy this sorry state of affairs. In it, well known author C. J. Date provides a detailed examination of all of Codd's major technical publications, explaining the nature of his contribution in depth, and in particular highlighting not only the many things he got right but also some of the things he got wrong.
Logic and databases are inextricably intertwined. The relational model in particular is essentially just elementary predicate logic, tailored to fit the needs of database management. Now, if you're a database professional, I'm sure this isn't news to you; but you still might not realize just how much everything we do in the database world is - or should be! - affected by predicate logic. Logic is everywhere. So if you're a database professional you really owe it to yourself to understand the basics of formal logic, and you really ought to be able to explain (and perhaps defend) the connections between formal logic and database management. And that's what this book is about. What it does is show, through a series of partly independent and partly interrelate essays, just how various crucial aspects of database technology-some of them very familiar, others maybe less so- are solidly grounded in formal logic. It is divided into five parts: *Basic Logic *Logic and Database Management *Logic and Database Design *Logic and Algebra *Logic and the Third Manifesto There's also a lengthy appendix, containing a collection of frequently asked questions (and some answers) on various aspects of logic and database management. Overall, my goal is to help you realize the importance of logic in everything you do, and also- I hope- to help you see that logic can be fun.
E. F. Codd’s relational model of data has been described as one of the three greatest inventions of all time (the other two being agriculture and the scientific method), and his receipt of the 1981 ACM Turing Award, the top award in computer science, for inventing it was thoroughly deserved. The papers in which Codd first described his model were staggering in their originality; they had, and continue to have, a huge impact on just about every aspect of the way we do business in the world today. And yet few people, even in the professional database community, are truly familiar with those papers. This book—a thorough overhaul and rewrite of an earlier book by the same name—is an attempt to remedy this sorry state of affairs. In it, well known author C. J. Date provides a detailed examination of all of Codd’s major database publications, explaining the nature of his contribution in depth, and in particular highlighting not only the many things he got right but also some of the things he got wrong. Database theory and practice have evolved considerably since Codd first defined his relational model, back in 1969. This book draws on decades of experience to present the most up to date treatment of the material possible. Anyone with a professional interest in databases can benefit from the insights it contains. The book is product independent.
A note from the authors: Dear Reader: "Database is boring." That sentiment is heard all too widely these days. But it's so wrong! The database field is full of important problems still to be solved and interesting issues still to be examined - and some of those problems and issues are explored in this book. Between us, we have nearly 80 years experience in this field, and we're still actively researching, exploring, and learning, as well as helping others do the same. The present book is the latest in a series devoted to these goals; using "The Third Manifesto" (a detailed proposal for the future of database technology) as a foundation, it reports on some of our most recent investigations in this field. Among many other things, it includes the most recent version of "The Third Manifesto" itself; specifications for a conforming language called Tutorial D; and a detailed proposal for a model of type inheritance. Other significant features include: - Extending the foreign key concept - Simplifying queries using image relations - Closer looks at logic and relational algebra - Suggested approaches to "missing information" - Responses to certain "Manifesto" criticisms - Clarifying aspects of normalization The tone of the book overall is naturally somewhat serious, but there are moments of light relief as well. We hope you enjoy it. C.J. Date and Hugh Darwen
Understanding SQL's underlying theory is the best way to guarantee that your SQL code is correct and your database schema is robust and maintainable. On the other hand, if you're not well versed in the theory, you can fall into several traps. In SQL and Relational Theory, author C.J. Date demonstrates how you can apply relational theory directly to your use of SQL. With numerous examples and clear explanations of the reasoning behind them, you'll learn how to deal with common SQL dilemmas, such as: Should database access granted be through views instead of base tables? Nulls in your database are causing you to get wrong answers. Why? What can you do about it? Could you write an SQL query to find employees who have never been in the same department for more than six months at a time? SQL supports "quantified comparisons," but they're better avoided. Why? How do you avoid them? Constraints are crucially important, but most SQL products don't support them properly. What can you do to resolve this situation? Database theory and practice have evolved since Edgar Codd originally defined the relational model back in 1969. Independent of any SQL products, SQL and Relational Theory draws on decades of research to present the most up-to-date treatment of the material available anywhere. Anyone with a modest to advanced background in SQL will benefit from the many insights in this book.
Along with its companion volume (Database Dreaming Volume II), this book offers a collection of essays on the general topic of relational databases and relational database technology. Most of those essays, though not all, have been published before, but only in journals and magazines that are now hard to find or in books that are now out of print. Here’s a lightly edited excerpt from the preface (so this is the author speaking): I went back and reviewed all of those early essays, looking for ones that seemed worth reviving (or, rather, revising and reviving) at this time. Of course, some of them definitely weren’t! However, out of a total of around 130 original papers, I did find some 20 or so that seemed to me worth preserving and hadn’t already been incorporated in, or superseded by, more recent books of mine. So I tracked down the original versions of those 20 or so papers and set to work. When I was done, though, I found I had somewhere in excess of 600 pages on my hands—too much, in my view, for just one book, and so I split them across two separate volumes. Highlights of the present volume include a discussion of the difficulties involved in providing a relational interface to a nonrelational system; a tutorial on the quantifiers and what happens to them under three-valued logic; an examination of the effect of user defined types on optimization; some thoughts on normalization and database design tools; and caveats regarding certain important database operators, especially outer join and negation.
This book is a revised, upgraded, and hugely improved version of an earlier one called Logic and Databases. Although it’s effectively a brand new book, therefore, the following remarks from that earlier book are still relevant here. First, logic and databases are inextricably intertwined. The relational model itself is essentially just elementary logic, tailored to database needs. Now, if you’re a database professional, this won’t be news to you—but you still might not realize just how much everything we do in the database world is (or should be!) affected by logic. Logic is fundamental, and everywhere. As a database professional, therefore, you owe it to yourself to understand the basics of formal logic, and you ought to be able to explain (and perhaps defend) the connections between formal logic and database technology. And that’s what this book is about. What it does is show, through a series of partly independent, partly interrelated essays, just how various crucial aspects of database technology—some of them very familiar, others maybe less so—are solidly grounded in formal logic. Overall, the goal is to help you realize the importance of logic in everything you do, and also, I hope, to help you see that logic can be fun.
A review of relational concepts -- An overview of Tutorial D -- Time and the database -- What is the problem? -- Intervals -- Operators on intervals -- The EXPAND and COLLAPSE operators -- The PACK and UNPACK operators -- Generalizing the relational operators -- Database design -- Integrity constraints 1 : candidate keys and related constraints -- Integrity constraints 2 : general constraints -- Database queries -- Database updates -- Stated times and logged times -- Point and interval types revisited.
Time and Relational Theory provides an in-depth description of temporal database systems, which provide special facilities for storing, querying, and updating historical and future data. Traditionally, database management systems provide little or no special support for temporal data at all. This situation is changing because: - Cheap storage enables retention of large volumes of historical data in data warehouses - Users are now faced with temporal data problems, and need solutions - Temporal features have recently been incorporated into the SQL standard, and vendors have begun to add temporal support to their DBMS products Based on the groundbreaking text Temporal Data & the Relational Model (Morgan Kaufmann, 2002) and new research led by the authors, Time and Relational Theory is the only book to offer a complete overview of the functionality of a temporal DBMS. Expert authors Nikos Lorentzos, Hugh Darwen, and Chris Date describe an approach to temporal database management that is firmly rooted in classical relational theory and will stand the test of time. This book covers the SQL:2011 temporal extensions in depth and identifies and discusses the temporal functionality still missing from SQL. - Understand how the relational model provides an ideal basis for taming the complexities of temporal databases - Learn how to analyze and evaluate commercial temporal products with this timely and important information - Be able to use sound principles in designing and using temporal databases - Understand the temporal support recently added to SQL with coverage of the new SQL features in this unique, accurate, and authoritative reference - Appreciate the benefits of a truly relational approach to the problem with this clear, user friendly presentation
Between 1977 and 1984 the excavations of a Canadian archaeological team at San Giovanni di Ruoti in southern Italy uncovered a series of three Roman villas dating from the first to the sixth centuries AD. The multi-volume report on the excavation will provide the first comprehensive overview of the social and economic life of a Roman villa in southern Italy. Volume II constitutes a catalogue raisonTe of the small finds, covering all categories of non-ceramic personal, domestic, and industrial artifacts recovered from the site. C.J. Simpson has been a member of the Canadian excavation team since 1979. He provides detailed descriptions of the individual artifacts, their dates of manufacture, and their use, and discusses the evidence they yield for domestic and daily life. The artifacts range from hairpins and brooches to iron knives used for slicing and chopping. Coins and lamps found at the site are evaluated in separate contributions by R. Reece and J.J. Rossiter. The book includes several useful appendices, notably one by Vito Volterra on the analysis of millstones.The 400 items listed in the catalogue are illustrated by drawings or photographs. This volume presents one of very few accounts of the household artifacts found at an estate centre remote from urban Rome. It provides an important resource for specialists seeking to date similar objects, and adds much interesting detail to our picture of the rural economy of Italy in late antiquity.
Explores the avant-garde world of CJ Lim. Fiercely British, but ever mindful of his Asian roots, CJ Lim's architecture explores the fusion of Eastern values and Western popular cultures, resulting in an eccentric and fun approach. CJ's sharp observationsof life and all its tales have led him to capture the subtle nuances of space making.
Fifty years of relational. It’s hard to believe the relational model has been around now for over half a century! But it has—it was born on August 19th, 1969, when Codd’s first database paper was published. And Chris Date has been involved with it for almost the whole of that time, working closely with Codd for many years and publishing the very first, and definitive, book on the subject in 1975. In this book’s title essay, Chris offers his own unique perspective (two chapters) on those fifty years. No database professional can afford to miss this one of a kind history. But there’s more to this book than just a little personal history. Another unique feature is an extensive and in depth discussion (nine chapters) of a variety of frequently asked questions on relational matters, covering such topics as mathematics and the relational model; relational algebra; predicates; relation valued attributes; keys and normalization; missing information; and the SQL language. Another part of the book offers detailed responses to critics (four chapters). Finally, the book also contains the text of several recent interviews with Chris Date, covering such matters as RM/V2, XML, NoSQL, The Third Manifesto, and how SQL came to dominate the database landscape.
No matter what DBMS you are using—Oracle, DB2, SQL Server, MySQL, PostgreSQL—misunderstandings can always arise over the precise meanings of terms, misunderstandings that can have a serious effect on the success of your database projects. For example, here are some common database terms: attribute, BCNF, consistency, denormalization, predicate, repeating group, join dependency. Do you know what they all mean? Are you sure? The New Relational Database Dictionary defines all of these terms and many, many more. Carefully reviewed for clarity, accuracy, and completeness, this book is an authoritative and comprehensive resource for database professionals, with over 1700 entries (many with examples) dealing with issues and concepts arising from the relational model of data. DBAs, database designers, DBMS implementers, application developers, and database professors and students can find the information they need on a daily basis, information that isn’t readily available anywhere else.
What I think Date has done is nothing less than to lay out the foundational concepts for the next generation of business logic servers based on predicate logic. Such a breakthrough should revolutionize application development in our industry--and take business rules to their fullest expression." --Ronald G. Ross, Principal, Business Rule Solutions, LLC Executive Editor, DataToKnowledge Newsletter The way we build computer applications is about to change dramatically, thanks to a new development technology known as business rules. The key idea behind the technology is that we can build applications declaratively instead of procedurally--that is, we can simply state WHAT needs to be done instead of HOW to do what needs to be done. The advantages are obvious: ease and rapidity of initial development and subsequent maintenance, hardware and software platform independence, overall productivity, business adaptivity, and more. What Not How: The Business Rules Approach to Application Development is a concise and accessible introduction to this new technology. It is written for both managers and technical professionals. The book consists of two parts: Part I presents a broad overview of what business rules are all about; Part II then revisits the ideas in Part I and shows how they fit squarely into the solid tradition of relational technology. Topics covered include: Presentation rules Database and application rules Building on the data model Potential advantages and disadvantages A new look at relational fundamentals Business rules and the relational model Overall, the book provides a good grounding in an important new technology, one poised to transform the way we do business in the IT world. 0201708507B04062001
Some things seem so obvious that they don’t need to be spelled out in detail. Or do they? In computing, at least (and probably in any discipline where accuracy and precision are important), it can be quite dangerous just to assume that some given concept is “obvious,” and indeed universally understood. Serious mistakes can happen that way! The first part of this book discusses features of the database field—equality, assignment, naming—where just such an assumption seems to have been made, and it describes some of the unfortunate mistakes that have occurred as a consequence. It also explains how and why the features in question aren’t quite as obvious as they might seem, and it offers some advice on how to work around the problems caused by assumptions to the contrary. Other parts of the book also deal with database issues where devoting some preliminary effort to spelling out exactly what the issues in question entailed could have led to much better interfaces and much more carefully designed languages. The issues discussed include redundancy and indeterminacy; persistence, encapsulation, and decapsulation; the ACID properties of transactions; and types vs. units of measure. Finally, the book also contains a detailed deconstruction of, and response to, various recent pronouncements from the database literature, all of them having to do with relational technology. Once again, the opinions expressed in those pronouncements might seem “obvious” to some people (to the writers at least, presumably), but the fact remains that they’re misleading at best, and in most cases just flat out wrong.
E. F. Codd’s relational model of data has been described as one of the three greatest inventions of all time (the other two being agriculture and the scientific method), and his receipt of the 1981 ACM Turing Award, the top award in computer science, for inventing it was thoroughly deserved. The papers in which Codd first described his model were staggering in their originality; they had, and continue to have, a huge impact on just about every aspect of the way we do business in the world today. And yet few people, even in the professional database community, are truly familiar with those papers. This book—a thorough overhaul and rewrite of an earlier book by the same name—is an attempt to remedy this sorry state of affairs. In it, well known author C. J. Date provides a detailed examination of all of Codd’s major database publications, explaining the nature of his contribution in depth, and in particular highlighting not only the many things he got right but also some of the things he got wrong. Database theory and practice have evolved considerably since Codd first defined his relational model, back in 1969. This book draws on decades of experience to present the most up to date treatment of the material possible. Anyone with a professional interest in databases can benefit from the insights it contains. The book is product independent.
Fifty years of relational. It’s hard to believe the relational model has been around now for over half a century! But it has—it was born on August 19th, 1969, when Codd’s first database paper was published. And Chris Date has been involved with it for almost the whole of that time, working closely with Codd for many years and publishing the very first, and definitive, book on the subject in 1975. In this book’s title essay, Chris offers his own unique perspective (two chapters) on those fifty years. No database professional can afford to miss this one of a kind history. But there’s more to this book than just a little personal history. Another unique feature is an extensive and in depth discussion (nine chapters) of a variety of frequently asked questions on relational matters, covering such topics as mathematics and the relational model; relational algebra; predicates; relation valued attributes; keys and normalization; missing information; and the SQL language. Another part of the book offers detailed responses to critics (four chapters). Finally, the book also contains the text of several recent interviews with Chris Date, covering such matters as RM/V2, XML, NoSQL, The Third Manifesto, and how SQL came to dominate the database landscape.
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