The Ramayana is not history or biography. It is a part of Hindu mythology. One cannot understand Hindu dharma unless one knows Rama and Seeta, Bharata, Lakshmana, Ravana, Kumbhakarna and Hanuman. Mythology cannot be dispensed with. Philosophy alone or rituals alone or mythology alone cannot be sufficient. These are the three strands of all ancient religions. The attitude towards things spiritual which belongs to a particular people cannot be grasped or preserved or conveyed unless we have all these three. To millions of men, women and children in India, the Ramayana is not a mere tale. It has more truth and meaning than the events in one's own life. Just as plants grow under the influence of sunlight, the people of India grow in mental strength and culture by absorbing the glowing inspiration of the Ramayana.
A social and political activist and a free-thinker, Laxmanshastri Joshi, though a relatively lesser known figure in Indian history, played a significant role in the freedom struggle. Joshi was an ardent supporter of the satyagraha movement. He counselled Gandhi to overcome his conflicts against the upper classes in bringing the marginalized untouchables into the mainstream. His scholarship reflected his knowledge of Sanskrit and the Vedas as well as Marx’s philosophy of building a just society. Ambedkar, too, sought Joshi’s help in drafting the constitution of democratic India. Swimming Upstream is not merely a biography of Joshi but captures in a microcosm the transitional throes of South Asian society from tradition to modernity. This work traces the journey of Joshi from being an orthodox Vedic scholar to becoming a radical social reformer and an atheist. The authors also evaluate and locate Joshi’s critique of Marathi and Dalit literature. As a humanist, his innovative arguments transcended conventions instead of bowing to them. Appraising Joshi’s contribution towards the creation of a free and secular India, M.N. Roy, one of his contemporaries, described him as ‘one of the finest products of the Indian renaissance’.
Bangalore is often heralded as India’s future—a city where global technologies converge with multinational capital to produce a cosmopolitan workforce and vibrant economic growth. In this narrative the city’s main challenge revolves around its success: whether its physical infrastructure can support its burgeoning population. Most observers assume that Bangalore’s emergence as a “global city” represents its more complete integration into the world economy and, by extension, a more inclusive and cosmopolitan outlook among its growing middle class. Andrew C. Willford sheds light on a growing paradox: even as Bangalore has come to signify “progress” and economic possibility both within India and to the outside world, movements to make the city more monocultural and monolinguistic have gained prominence. Bangalore is the capital of the state of Karnataka, its borders linguistically redrawn by the postcolonial Indian state in 1956. In the decades that followed, organizations and leaders emerged to promote linguistic nationalism aimed at protecting the fragile unity of Kannadiga culture and literature against the twin threats of globalization and internal migration. Ironically, they support parochial cultural policies that impose a cultural and linguistic unity upon an area that historically stood at the crossroads of empires, trade routes, language practices, devotional literatures, and pilgrimage routes. Willford’s analysis, which focuses on the minority experience of Bangalore’s sizeable Tamil-speaking community, shows how the same forces of globalization that create growth and prosperity also foster uncertainty and tension around religion and language that completely contradict the region’s long history of cosmopolitanism. Exploring this paradox in Bangalore’s entangled and complex linguistic and cultural pasts serves as a useful case study for understanding the forces behind cultural and ethnic revivalism in the contemporary postcolonial world. Buttressed by field research conducted over a twenty-two-year period (1992–2015), Willford shows how the past is a living resource for the negotiation of identity in the present. Against the gloom of increasingly communal conflicts, he finds that Bangalore still retains a fabric of civility against the modern markings of cultural difference.
This study of US and Soviet aid efforts in India during the Cold War “makes a major contribution towards a necessary discussion of the politics of aid” (Times Higher Education). Debates over foreign aid are often strangely ahistorical. Economists argue about how to make aid work while critics bemoan money wasted on corruption, ignoring the fundamentally political character of aid. The Price of Aid turns the standard debate on its head. By exposing the geopolitical calculus underpinning development assistance, it also exposes its costs. India stood at the center of American and Soviet aid competition throughout the Cold War, as both superpowers saw developmental aid as a way of pursuing their geopolitical goals by economic means. Drawing on recently declassified files from seven countries, David Engerman shows how Indian leaders used Cold War competition to win battles at home, eroding the Indian state in the process. As China spends freely in Africa, the political stakes of foreign aid are rising once again. “A superb, field-changing book . . . A true classic.” —Sunil Amrith
With the publication of Salman Rushdie's Booker Prize winning novel, ^IMidnight's Children^R in 1981, followed by the unprecedented popularity of his subsequent works, the cinematic adaptation of Michael Ondaatje's ^IThe English Patient,^R many other best-sellers written by South Asian novelists writing in English have gained a tremendous following. This reference is a guide to their lives and writings. The volume focuses on novelists born in South Asia who have written and continue to write about issues concerning that region. Some of the novelists have published widely, while others are only beginning their literary careers. The volume includes alphabetically arranged entries on more than 50 South Asian novelists. Each entry is written by an expert contributor and includes a biography, a discussion of major works and themes, a summary of the novelist's critical reception, and primary and secondary bibliographies. Since many of the contributors are personally acquainted with the novelists, they are able to offer significant insights. The volume closes with a selected bibliography of studies of the South Asian novel in English, along with a list of anthologies and periodicals.
The idea of the book initially emerged from a panel discussion at the Specialist Group on South Asia of the Political Studies Association, UK, in March 1993. On its tortuous path to publication, it has been enriched by critical comments from Sumit Ganguly, Vernon Hewitt, Iftikhar Malik, Gurharpal Singh and David Taylor. The volume has benefited fromSubrata Mitra's long association with the Centre for Indian Studies at the University of Hull and stimulating discussions with members of the Center for South Asian Studies and the Department of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley, during his sabbatical term (spring 1994). The contributions, although completed by summer 1994, recognise the ongoing changes throughout the region.
An iconoclastic history of the first two decades after independence in India Nehru’s India brings a provocative but nuanced set of new interpretations to the history of early independent India. Drawing from her extensive research over the past two decades, Taylor Sherman reevaluates the role of Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first prime minister, in shaping the nation. She argues that the notion of Nehru as the architect of independent India, as well as the ideas, policies, and institutions most strongly associated with his premiership—nonalignment, secularism, socialism, democracy, the strong state, and high modernism—have lost their explanatory power. They have become myths. Sherman examines seminal projects from the time and also introduces readers to little-known personalities and fresh case studies, including India’s continued engagement with overseas Indians, the importance of Buddhism in secular India, the transformations in industry and social life brought about by bicycles, a riotous and ultimately doomed attempt to prohibit the consumption of alcohol in Bombay, the early history of election campaign finance, and the first state-sponsored art exhibitions. The author also shines a light on underappreciated individuals, such as Apa Pant, the charismatic diplomat who influenced foreign policy from Kenya to Tibet, and Urmila Eulie Chowdhury, the rebellious architect who helped oversee the building of Chandigarh. Tracing and critiquing developments in this formative period in Indian history, Nehru’s India offers a fresh and definitive exploration of the nation’s early postcolonial era.
This path-breaking volume reveals a little-known aspect of how Lashkar-e-Tayyaba, a jihadist terrorist group, functions in Pakistan and beyond by translating and commenting upon a range of publications produced and disseminated by Dar-ul-Andlus, the publishing wing of LeT. Only a fraction of LeT's cadres ever see battle: most of them are despatched on nation-wide "prozelytising" (dawa) missions to convert Pakistanis to their particular interpretation of Islam, in support of which LeT has developed a sophisticated propagandist literature. This canon of Islamist texts is the most popular and potent weapon in LeT's arsenal, and its scrutiny affords insights into how and who the group recruits; LeT's justification for jihad; its vision of itself in global and regional politics; the enemies LeT identifies and the allies it cultivates; and how and where it conducts its operations. Particular attention is paid to the role that LeT assigns to women by examining those writings which heap extravagant praise upon the mothers of aspirant jihadis, who bless their operations and martyrdom. It is only by understanding LeT's domestic functions as set out in these texts that one can begin to appreciate why Pakistan so fiercely supports it, despite mounting international pressure to disband the group.
Exploring violent confrontation between the state and the population in colonial and postcolonial India, this book is both a study of the many techniques of colonial coercion and state violence and a cultural history of the different ways in which Indians imbued practices of punishment with their own meanings and reinterpreted acts of state violence in their own political campaigns. This work examines state violence from a historical perspective, expanding the study of punishment beyond the prison by investigating the interplay between imprisonment, corporal punishment, collective fines and state violence. It provides a fresh look at seminal events in the history of mid-twentieth century India, such as the massacre at Jallianwala Bagh, the non-cooperation and civil disobedience movements, the Quit India campaign, and the Hindu-Muslim riots of the 1930s and 1940s. The book extends its analysis into the postcolonial period by considering the ways in which partition and then the struggle against a communist insurgency reshaped practices of punishment and state violence in the first decade after independence. Ultimately, this research challenges prevailing conceptions of the nature of the state in colonial and postcolonial India, which have tended to assume that the state had the ambition and the ability to use the police, military and bureaucracy to dominate the population at will. It argues, on the contrary, that the state in twentieth-century India tended to be self-limiting, vulnerable, and replete with tensions. Relevant to those interested in contemporary India and the history of empire and decolonisation, this work provides a new framework for the study of state violence which will be invaluable to scholars of South Asian studies; violence, crime and punishment; and colonial and postcolonial history.
Investigates attitudes toward and relationships with the Indian Union from those in frontier states, who at times rose up in opposition from centralized Indian powers. This book delves into the status of three regions: Kashmir, Sikkim, and the province of Assam in 1947. In Kashmir, Sheikh Abdullah had emerged as a charismatic leader before it was raided by Pakistan. It explores how Sikkim was accorded the status of an India-protectorate stage in 1950. The Naga National Council, led by Z.A. Phizo, resorted to armed uprisings in the 1950s in Naga Hills, followed by M.N.F. and Laldenga thereafter. The work sheds light on the dynamics of collaboration and rebellion involving leaders like Sheikh Abdullah and the last King of Sikkim, P.T. Namgyal, with the Indian establishment, and why and how they rebelled against them. Additionally, it discusses consequences of these tribal leaders' armed insurrections, and the role in the formation of Nagaland and Mizoram am Indian states. Offering a unique perspective on the historical evolution of these regions, this book will be invaluable for Indian policymakers, allowing readers to see the Indian Union from the viewpoint of the Frontier leadership. Awadhesh Coomar Sinha is an anthropologist and sociologist. Having taught sociology and served as Dean of the School of Social Sciences at North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, he has also been a visiting professor in various universities in India and beyond, and is a pioneer in the field of Eastern Himalayan research. Among his highly acclaimed books on the region are Nepalese in Globalized Era (2016), Dawn of Democracy in the Eastern Himalayan Kingdoms (2019) and Federation of the Himalayan Kingdoms and a Greater Nepal (2023).
The three dominant forces shaping societies and economies around the world are globalization, privatization, and liberalization. Because these processes are interrelated, they must be addressed collectively. The contributors to the volume show that globalization, privatization, and liberalization are multidimensional phenomena that impact not only the economic considerations of governments, but also sociocultural and environmental aspects of societies. The three phenomena also affect these units of analysis— which Rao and his colleagues identify as regional, country, industrial, and organizational. The result is a cogent discussion of these powerful global forces, for the academic community, professionals in economic development, banking, finance, international investment, and global commerce. After treating the conceptual issues of meaning, definition, and differing interpretations and perspectives, the volume examines the historical experience with regional economic integration. The flow of foreign direct investment—a major consquence of globalization, privatization, and liberalization of economies is considered next. This leads to a study of the challenges created for management at the microlevel in organizations, such as the intensification of competitiveness, and the increased importance of technology and technology management. In their examination of country-specific issues, the contributors show how widely experiences vary with regard to the way in which the three major processes are implemented and how the policies behind them are adopted. Finally, in their discussion of sectoral and industry-specific issues, the contributors note that great variations on how different industrial sectors and industries will approach and recreate themselves under the power of the three great processes.
This book deals with three main aspects of the history of Indian business: The relationship between business and politics, the position of merchants and businessmen in the economy and society of late colonial India, and how particular merchant networks extended the range of their operations to the entire subcontinent and the wider world.
This title was first published in 2001. An important analysis of the links between the Indian Diaspora and the state and how this Diaspora can influence economic and foreign policy making in their country of origin. M.C. Lall focuses on India, presenting an unusual case whereby the Indian government in post- independence years ostracized its Diaspora despite the need for outside help with India’s economic development. This in-depth study of the failure of the Indian government to make good use of its Diaspora looks at the reasons why India did not cultivate a relationship after independence; why there was still no change even in light of its economic liberalization and what have been the consequences of this missing relationship.
To Be Continued... explores the world's most popular form of television drama; the soap opera. From Denver to Delhi, Moscow to Manchester, audiences eagerly await the next episode of As the World Turns, The Rich Also Weep or Eastenders. But the popularity of soap operas in Britain and the US pales in comparison to the role that they play in media cultures in other parts of the world. To Be Continued... investigates both the cultural specificity of television soap operas and their reception in other cultures, covering soap production and soap watching in the U.S., Asia, Europe, Australia and Latin America. The contributors consider the nature of soap as a media text, the history of the serial narrative as a form, and the role of the soap opera in the development of feminist media criticism. To Be Continued... presents the first scholarly examination of soap opera as global media phenomenon.
This book contains essays on Ramanujan and his work that were written especially for this volume. It also includes important survey articles in areas influenced by Ramanujan's mathematics. Most of the articles in the book are nontechnical, but even those that are more technical contain substantial sections that will engage the general reader. The book opens with the only four existing photographs of Ramanujan, presenting historical accounts of them and information about other people in the photos. This section includes an account of a cryptic family history written by his younger brother, S. Lakshmi Narasimhan. Following are articles on Ramanujan's illness by R. A. Rankin, the British physician D. A. B. Young, and Nobel laureate S. Chandrasekhar. They present a study of his symptoms, a convincing diagnosis of the cause of his death, and a thorough exposition of Ramanujan's life as a patient in English sanitariums and nursing homes. Following this are biographies of S. Janaki (Mrs. Ramanujan) and S. Narayana Iyer, Chief Accountant of the Madras Port Trust Office, who first communicated Ramanujan's work to the Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society. The last half of the book begins with a section on ``Ramanujan's Manuscripts and Notebooks''. Included is an important article by G. E. Andrews on Ramanujan's lost notebook. The final two sections feature both nontechnical articles, such as Jonathan and Peter Borwein's ``Ramanujan and pi'', and more technical articles by Freeman Dyson, Atle Selberg, Richard Askey, and G. N. Watson. This volume complements the book Ramanujan: Letters and Commentary, Volume 9, in the AMS series, History of Mathematics. For more on Ramanujan, see these AMS publications Ramanujan: Twelve Lectures on Subjects Suggested by His Life and Work, Volume 136.H, and Collected Papers of Srinivasa Ramanujan, Volume 159.H, in the AMS Chelsea Publishing series.
A penetrating examination of Indira Gandhi's personality as well as an analysis of the factors leading to the Emergency Rule Declaration, by an American expert which provides insight into contemporary Indian politics. Carras traveled with the then prime minister throughout 1975, interviewing her in depth before and after the declaration of the Emergency.
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