In recent years the idea that an adequate semantics of ordinary language calls for some theory of events has sparked considerable debate among linguists and philosophers. Speaking of Events offers a vivid and up-to-date indication of this debate, with emphasis precisely on the interplay between linguistic applications and philosophical implications. Each chapter has been written expressly for this volume by leading authors in the field, including Nicholas Asher, Pier Marco Bertinetto, Johannes Brandl, Denis Delfitto, Regine Eckardt, James Higginbotham, Alessandro Lenci, Terence Parsons, Alice ter Meulen, and Henk Verkuyl.
This classic study in theoretical and Chinese syntax has proven influential in recent developments of syntactic theory in areas as diverse as phrase structure, quantifier scope, anaphora, movement constraints, the form and meaning of interrogative sentences, and the nature of Logical Form. Huang gives a derailed analysis of a wide range of grammatical constructions in Chinese (and English) and shows that his analyses shed important new light on the theory of Universal Grammar and linguistic typology, often in ways unavailable from the study of English and other familiar European languages. Some of the results of this work are: (a) a parametric theory of quantifier scope; (b) a relativized notion of a 'governing category' for Chomsky's (1981) binding theory; (c) a theory of generalized control that derives the pro drop parameter and related phenomena; (d) a proposed Condition on Extraction Domains (CED) on overt movement; (e) a proposal of LF wh-movement for languages without wh-movement; and (f) a generalization of the ECP to account for a full range of adjunct/ complement asymmetries and subject/object asymmetries in syntactic and LF extraction. The proposed analyses exemplify how an optimal theory of typology should come about as the 'by-product' of an optimal theory of UG.
Tales of Cajuns, Creoles, and New Orleans decadence dominate both popular and professional impressions of Louisiana and have undoubtedly distracted attention from the region that arguably experienced the most dramatic pattern of development in Louisiana, if not the entire Gulf South. Louisiana's Florida Parishes, located in the southeastern part of the state, have endured a tumultuous evolution, including domination by every major power that invaded North America, exclusion from the Louisiana Purchase, insurrection and the establishment of the original Lone Star Republic, and some of the highest rates of rural homicide recorded in American history. The area was long neglected by scholars until some of its foremost experts came together to explore and recognize its singular identity. This volume is a result of that collaboration and consists of ten essays on the history and culture of this unique territory. In tracing the progress of Louisiana's Florida Parishes, the book begins with an eye-opening ethnographic history of the territory during its days as a French colony, the brief era of British rule, and slavery as it was practiced under the Spanish regime. A revealing look at the region during the War of 1812 provides a dynamic account of the only major naval battle in the South during that conflict. Subsequent essays give lucid and insightful examination to the area's guerrilla tactics during the Civil War, credit crisis of the postbellum era, and ecological transformation through pine forest harvesting. The final third of the book considers the demographic changes wrought by black labor employed in the lumber mills of the early twentieth century, the challenges confronting a rural, depression-era black community, and recent environmental changes in the parishes that impact ongoing economic development. A Fierce and Fractious Frontier employs a comprehensive approach supported by provocative groundbreaking research to explain the difficulties of the past and suggest considerations for the future of Louisiana's Florida Parishes. It will stand as a model for the emerging field of southern subregional studies.
This revision of a well-loved text continues to embrace the confluence of person, environment, and occupation in mental health as its organizing theoretical model, emphasizing the lived experience of mental illness and recovery. Rely on this groundbreaking text to guide you through an evidence-based approach to helping clients with mental health disorders on their recovery journey by participating in meaningful occupations. Understand the recovery process for all areas of their lives—physical, emotional, spiritual, and mental—and know how to manage co-occurring conditions.
This is the first extended discussion of preferred interpretation in language understanding, integrating much of the best research in linguistic pragmatics from the last two decades. When we speak, we mean more than we say. In this book Stephen C. Levinson explains some general processes that underlie presumptions in communication. This is the first extended discussion of preferred interpretation in language understanding, integrating much of the best research in linguistic pragmatics from the last two decades. Levinson outlines a theory of presumptive meanings, or preferred interpretations, governing the use of language, building on the idea of implicature developed by the philosopher H.P. Grice. Some of the indirect information carried by speech is presumed by default because it is carried by general principles, rather than inferred from specific assumptions about intention and context. Levinson examines this class of general pragmatic inferences in detail, showing how they apply to a wide range of linguistic constructions. This approach has radical consequences for how we think about language and communication.
This unique book fills a void in radiology interpretation texts by encompassing the foundational tools and concepts of the full range of medical imaging, including radiology, the basics of interpretation of plain radiographs, comparison with other testing modalities, the rationale for selecting the first diagnostic step, and exploration and interpretation of chest, abdomen, extremity, and spinal radiographs. A concise, easy-to-use reference, it includes written descriptions enhanced with figures, tables, and actual patient films to demonstrate concepts, and discusses--in easily accessible language--differences in testing modalities. The text also features a step-by-step guide to the interpretation of radiographs. This resource describes and compares available diagnostic modalities, including plain radiograph, CT scan, nuclear imaging, MRI, and ultrasound. It discusses pediatric considerations and includes separate chapters for the chest, abdomen, upper and lower extremities, and the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine. The book will be an asset to nurse practitioners and physician assistants working in all emergency, urgent, intensive, and primary care settings. It will also benefit medical students and graduate students in acute care, family, adult/gerontology, and emergency nurse practitioner programs, as well as emergency/trauma clinical nurse specialists, and hospitalists and intensivist nurse practitioners. Key Features: Integrates the basics of radiology, CT scans, nuclear imaging, MRIs, and ultrasound, their characteristics and differences among testing modalities, and basic step-by-step interpretation skills Relevant to a wide range of nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and other mid-level providers in multiple settings Includes a step-by-step guide to the interpretation of the radiographs Delivers an easy-to-understand approach to selecting diagnostic imaging tests Presents actual images and figures to demonstrate concepts, which are also available digitally
The most comprehensive physical therapy text available on the topic, Orthotics & Prosthetics in Rehabilitation, 3rd Edition is your one-stop resource for clinically relevant rehabilitation information. Evidence-based coverage offers essential guidelines on orthotic/prosthetic prescription, pre- and post-intervention gait assessment and outcome measurement, and working with special populations. Comprehensive coverage addresses rehabilitation in a variety of environments, including acute care, long-term care and home health care, and outpatient settings. Authoritative information from the Guide to Physical Therapist Practice, 2nd Edition is incorporated throughout. World Health Organization (WHO) International Classification of Function model provides consistent language and an international standard to describe and measure health and disability from a biopsychosocial perspective. Case studies present real-life scenarios that demonstrate how key concepts apply to clinical decision making and evidence-based practice. A visually appealing 2-color design and a wealth of tables and boxes highlight vital information for quick reference and ease of use. Updated photos and illustrations reflect current clinical practice. Updated chapter on Assessment of Gait focuses on clinically useful outcome measures. Updated chapter on Motor Control and Motor Learning incorporates new insights into neuroplasticity and functional recovery. NEW! Integrated chapter on Lower Extremity Orthoses assists in clinical decision making about the best options for your patients. NEW! Chapter on Athletics after Amputation explores advanced training and athletics, including running and athletic competition to enhance the quality of life for persons with amputation. NEW! Chapter on the High Risk Foot and Would Healing helps you recognize, treat, and manage wounds for the proper fit and management of the patient. NEW! Chapter on Advanced Prosthetic Rehabilitation provides more thorough rehabilitation methods beyond the early care of persons learning to use their prostheses.
The most comprehensive physical therapy text available on the topic, Orthotics & Prosthetics in Rehabilitation, 3rd Edition is your one-stop resource for clinically relevant rehabilitation information. Evidence-based coverage offers essential guidelines on orthotic/prosthetic prescription, pre- and post-intervention gait assessment and outcome measurement, and working with special populations. Comprehensive coverage addresses rehabilitation in a variety of environments, including acute care, long-term care and home health care, and outpatient settings. Authoritative information from the Guide to Physical Therapist Practice, 2nd Edition is incorporated throughout. World Health Organization (WHO) International Classification of Function model provides consistent language and an international standard to describe and measure health and disability from a biopsychosocial perspective. Case studies present real-life scenarios that demonstrate how key concepts apply to clinical decision making and evidence-based practice. A visually appealing 2-color design and a wealth of tables and boxes highlight vital information for quick reference and ease of use. Updated photos and illustrations reflect current clinical practice. Updated chapter on Assessment of Gait focuses on clinically useful outcome measures. Updated chapter on Motor Control and Motor Learning incorporates new insights into neuroplasticity and functional recovery. NEW! Integrated chapter on Lower Extremity Orthoses assists in clinical decision making about the best options for your patients. NEW! Chapter on Athletics after Amputation explores advanced training and athletics, including running and athletic competition to enhance the quality of life for persons with amputation. NEW! Chapter on the High Risk Foot and Would Healing helps you recognize, treat, and manage wounds for the proper fit and management of the patient. NEW! Chapter on Advanced Prosthetic Rehabilitation provides more thorough rehabilitation methods beyond the early care of persons learning to use their prostheses.
Refresh and update your knowledge on all new therapeutic techniques! Rapid advances in identifying the epidemiology, physiology, and genetics of glaucoma have led to dramatic developments in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. This new text offers you concise coverage of every major clinical breakthrough, as well as the basic science needed to thoroughly understand all manifestations of the disease. It is written by a "who's who" of international experts, who share their tips and techniques in every information-filled chapter. Benefit from these special features: Key discussions of the pathophysiology of the disease, as well as the pharmacologic mechanisms of different drugs and their efficacy Valuable diagnostic decision diagrams that lead to quick and accurate decisions Helpful pearls, pitfalls, and special considerations that offer guidance in specific situations and show how to avoid problems and complications Nearly 300 superb, full-color illustrations that depict the distinguishing features of each entity Inclusion of such cutting-edge material as "neuroprotection", and several other new topics Whether you are an experienced practitioner needing a quick review or a resident learning a topic for the first time, Glaucoma: Science and Practice is packed with essential clinical and scientific information. Here is the timely, current, and practical resource you need to understand the complexities of glaucoma and provide optimal patient care.
A major responsibility of the leadership of any specialized police unit is the awareness of endlessly changing societal, legal, and managerial developments that affect operations. This third edition of The Management of Police Specialized Tactical Units represents a significant updating and expansion of each of the chapters from previous editions. In addition to explaining the steps for developing and maintaining a realistic and effective response to increasingly violent levels of crime, this edition discusses the social, political, and technological matters that must be continuously identified, defined, and resolved prior to the implementation of any substantive or procedural change in tactical policy and practice. Legal and operational guidelines are provided to help tactical leaders to develop their leadership abilities and tactical success, thereby enhancing the tactical unit’s ability to safeguard the public. The authors make extensive use of the latest court decisions to provide the legal bases for operations as well as recent case histories to illustrate the various aspects of organizational management. These case histories do much more than summarize the sequence of events. They also point out what was learned from the successes and failures alike. Of particular interest is the new material on how the range of activities assigned to tactical units has expanded dramatically since September 11, 2001 and how the law enforcement community has been forced to respond to its newest critics. Emphasis is placed on how decision-makers must not only be organizational managers and administrators but also on how they should possess a firm grasp of confrontation tactics and leadership principles.
This power, by necessity and preference, has become the central congressional tool for participating in national security policy. Inevitably attacks on policy are transformed into attacks on the making and effects of appropriations.
This book presents a unique approach towards the study of verbal meaning. It develops a frame-work for capturing the semantics of verbs that is based on the Unified Modeling Language (UML), the lingua franca for the design and modeling of object-oriented systems in computer science. The new graphical framework combines formal precision with conceptual flexibility and allows the representation of very complicated details of verbal meaning, thereby offering a solution for different semantic problems such as polysemy and context-dependency. Besides the framework's development, the book contains a cognitive interpretation of important modeling elements, a discussion of general issues in connection with and well-elaborated applications of the framework. Since the framework is graphical in nature, the book contains many annotated figures, and the framework's modeling elements are illustrated by example diagrams. Not only scholars working in the field of linguistics, in particular in semantics, will find this book illuminating because of its new graphical approach, but also researchers of cognitive science, computational linguistics and computer science in general will surely appreciate it.
Philosophy (especially philosophy of language and philosophy of mind), science (especially linguistics and cognitive science), and common sense all sometimes make reference to propositions—understood as the things we believe and say, and the things which are (primarily) true or false. There is, however, no widespread agreement about what sorts of things these entities are. In New Thinking about Propositions, Jeffrey C. King, Scott Soames, and Jeff Speaks argue that commitment to propositions is indispensable, and that traditional accounts of propositions are inadequate. They each then defend their own views of the nature of propositions.
King formulates an account of the metaphysical nature of propositions, and explains what it is that binds together the constituents of structured propositions and imposes structure on them. Philosophers and graduate students with an interest in the philosophy of language and metaphysics will benefit from this book.
The GA 38th Infantry Regiment was a part of the Lawton - Gordon - Evans brigade made up of the 13th, 26th, 31st, 38th, 60th, & 61st Georgia Regiments and the 12th Georgia Light Artillery Battalion. It fought in many conflicts from the Seven Days' Battles to Cold Harbor, then moved with Early to the Shenandoah Valley and was active around Appomattox. The unit lost 54 killed and 118 wounded at Gaines' Mill and sixty-two percent of the 123 engaged at Sharpsburg. In the fight at Fredericksburg there were 10 killed and 91 wounded, and of the 341 at Gettysburg, more than thirty-five percent were disabled. It surrendered with 112, of which 73 were armed.
The focus of the text is the assessment and pharmacologic treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma. Detailed information on the various medications used is presented, along with a detailed treatment algorithm. Results and clinical implications of landmark glaucoma studies and comparative clinical trials are reviewed, with the importance of 24-hour control of intraocular pressure stressed. Brief chapters also review abnormal cornea, iris, lens, anterior chamber and angle, and the medical management of complications of laser and glaucoma surgery.
In Context and Content Robert Stalnaker develops a philosophical picture of the nature of speech and thought and the relations between them. Two themes in particular run through these collected essays: the role that the context in which speech takes place plays in accounting for the way language is used to express thought, and the role of the external environment in determining the contents of our thoughts. Stalnaker argues against the widespread assumption of the priority of linguistic over mental representation, which he suggests has had a distorting influence on our understanding. The first part of the book develops a framework for representing contexts and the way they interact with the interpretation of what is said in them. This framework is used to help to explain a range of linguistic phenomena concerning presupposition and assertion, conditional statements, the attribution of beliefs, and the use of names, descriptions, and pronouns to refer. Stalnaker then draws out the conception of thought and its content that is implicit in this framework. He defends externalism about thought—the assumption that our thoughts have the contents they have in virtue of the way we are situated in the world—and explores the role of linguistic action and linguistic structure in determining the contents of our thoughts. Context and Content offers philosophers and cognitive scientists a summation of Stalnaker's important and influential work in this area. His new introduction to the volume gives an overview of this work and offers a convenient way in for those who are new to it. The Oxford Cognitive Science series is a new forum for the best contemporary work in this flourishing field, where various disciplines—cognitive psychology, philosophy, linguistics, cognitive neuroscience, and computational theory—join forces in the investigation of thought, awareness, understanding, and associated workings of the mind. Each book constitutes an original contribution to its subject, but will be accessible beyond the ranks of specialists, so as to reach a broad interdisciplinary readership. The series will be carefully shaped and steered with the aim of representing the most important developments in the field and bringing together its constituent disciplines.
claim is that such morphological processes can be learnt without symbolization and innate knowledge. See Rumelhart and McClelland (1986) for the original model of past tense acquisition, Plunkett and Marchman (1993), Nakisa, Plunkett and Hahn (1996) and Elman et al. (1996) for developments and extensions to other morphological processes, and Marcus et al. (1992) and Pinker and Prince (1988) for criticism. One line of investigation supporting the view of language as a genetic endowment is closely linked to traditional research on language acquisition and argues as follows: If language is innate there must be phenomena that should be accessible from birth in one form or the other. Thus it is clear that the language of children, especially young children and preferably babies should be investigated. As babies unfortunately don't talk, the abilities that are available from birth must be established in ways different from the usual linguistic analysis. Psycholinguistic research of the last few years has shown that at the age of 4 and 8 months and even during their first week of life children already have important language skills. From the fourth day, infants distinguish their mother tongue from other languages. From the first months children prefer the sound of speech to 'other noise'. At the age of 4 months, infants prefer pauses at syntactic boundaries to random pauses.
As the number of older patients surge, so too will the medication management challenges pharmacists and other healthcare providers face with this population. Providing care for these often complex cases means not only staying on top of new medications and therapies, but dealing with a wide range of other issues as well. Now in its second edition, Fundamentals of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy, by Lisa C. Hutchison and Rebecca B. Sleeper, offers the full support you need to provide the most effective medication management and therapeutic decisions. This text is unique, not only as a comprehensive overview of major issues in geriatric pharmacotherapy and a core textbook for students, but as a resource for all healthcare professionals who treat elderly patients. Covering all major topics and issues, the second edition provides the most current information and proven strategies in one comprehensive guide, including associated issues that impact therapy, such as the coordination of care across multiple venues and caregivers. Inside this edition, you will find: Summarized treatment guidelines Evidence-based reviews Recommendations for the frail elderly Case studies and clinical pearls Key points, terms, and definitions Self-assessment questions Extensively referenced New chapters on Palliative and Hospice Care and Infections and Antimicrobial Stewardship The demands of an aging population mean that a greater understanding of geriatric pharmacotherapy is now essential for all healthcare providers. Written by practicing geriatric specialists, Fundamentals of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy provides all the detailed information and practical guidance you need.
Eye Pathology: An Atlas and Text is a basic introduction to eye pathology that can be read and mastered during an ophthalmic pathology rotation. In addition, it will serve as a well-illustrated resource for residents who are studying for the OKAP examinations or Board certification in ophthalmology. Completely written and illustrated by Dr. Eagle, this single-author text is primarily designed for ophthalmology residents and the comprehensive ophthalmologist not looking for a comprehensive text on the subject.
Chemical Induction of Cancer: Structural Bases and Biological Mechanisms, Volume IIIB: Aliphatic and Polyhalogenated Carcinogens covers environmentally and occupationally significant carcinogens of industrial origins. The book discusses the structure-activity relationships, metabolism, and environmental significance of the halogenated linear alkanes and alkenes and the halogenated cycloalkanes; and cycloalkene pesticides, biphenyls, and related aromatics. The text also describes the structure-activity relationships, metabolism, and environmental significance of the halogenated phenoxy acids, aromatic ethers, dibenzofurans, and dibenzo-p-dioxins; and ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, dioxane, and related compounds. The structure-activity relationships, metabolism, and environmental significance of phenols and phenolic compounds; nitroalkanes and nitroalkenes; and acetamide, dimethylcarbamyl chloride, and related compounds thiocarbonyl compounds are also encompassed. The book further tackles the structure-activity relationships, metabolism, and environmental significance if fatty acids, detergents, and other surfactants with oncogenic potential. The text then looks into the effect of chemical reactivity, molecular geometry, and metabolism on carcinogenic activity. Chemists, geneticists, and those involved in cancer research will find the book invaluable.
Incorporating Compass Computer Access Assessment software, Computer Access for People with Disabilities: A Human Factors Approach provides the information clinicians need to know in order to provide effective alternative computer access solutions to individuals with disabilities. Originally developed for a masters-level course on computer access for rehabilitation engineers and rehabilitation counselors, it provides practical guidance on how to provide computer access services and sufficient background knowledge to allow the reader to interpret the research literature. Presents technology for individuals with physical, cognitive, and sensory impairments, and for older adults Covers text entry devices, pointing devices, switch access, automatic speech recognition, and web accessibility Emphasizes fundamental concepts and principles that remain true regardless of which specific operating system or product is being used Draws on research from the fields of rehabilitation engineering, occupational therapy, and human-computer interaction (HCI)
Glaucoma affects 1% of the population over the age of 40. It is important that the practicing clinician and surgeon recognize both primary and secondary glaucoma and cases associated with other disorders. This lavishly illustrated text is authoritative and presents the reader with the whole spectrum of the disease. The book is divided into three ma
This comprehensive analysis of the complex relationship of black political thought identifies which political ideologies are supported by blacks, then traces their historical roots and examines their effects on black public opinion.
This book represents the culmination of an extended period of field work on the Palauan language, carried out while I was a graduate student at the University of California at San Diego. The book was born as a short term paper written in 1982; from a forgettable infancy, that paper grew and grew, reaching the age of majority in my dissertation at the end of 1985. Some of its offspring have gone off on their own, as indepen dent papers, as course materials, or as thoughts that have not yet com pletely materialized. Some have been disowned. The full adulthood of this study of Palauan is realized in the present book. Virtually every section of the dissertation has been rewritten, updated, or otherwise (I hope) improved. Where the dissertation was still struggling with various problems, the book has found solutions. The aim of the book remains, however, to give broad coverage of Palauan, with emphasis on A' binding, rather than to focus narrowly on a few highly specific theoretical issues. I hope to have achieved a balance between presenting the language clearly and nonprejudicially, and deal ing with various of its properties in current theoretical terms. If I have, the book should prove to be a resource for further typological study of the phenomena it describes.
The first full-length biography of William Still, one of the most important leaders of the Underground Railroad. William Still: The Underground Railroad and the Angel at Philadelphia is the first major biography of the free Black abolitionist William Still, who coordinated the Eastern Line of the Underground Railroad and was a pillar of the Railroad as a whole. Based in Philadelphia, Still built a reputation as a courageous leader, writer, philanthropist, and guide for fugitive enslaved people. This monumental work details Still’s life story beginning with his parents’ escape from bondage in the early nineteenth century and continuing through his youth and adulthood as one of the nation’s most important Underground Railroad agents and, later, as an early civil rights pioneer. Still worked personally with Harriet Tubman, assisted the family of John Brown, helped Brown’s associates escape from Harper’s Ferry after their famous raid, and was a rival to Frederick Douglass among nationally prominent African American abolitionists. Still’s life story is told in the broader context of the anti-slavery movement, Philadelphia Quaker and free black history, and the generational conflict that occurred between Still and a younger group of free black activists led by Octavius Catto. Unique to this book is an accessible and detailed database of the 995 fugitives Still helped escape from the South to the North and Canada between 1853 and 1861. The database contains twenty different fields—including name, age, gender, skin color, date of escape, place of origin, mode of transportation, and literacy—and serves as a valuable aid for scholars by offering the opportunity to find new information, and therefore a new perspective, on runaway enslaved people who escaped on the Eastern Line of the Underground Railroad. Based on Still’s own writings and a multivariate statistical analysis of the database of the runaways he assisted on their escape to freedom, the book challenges previously accepted interpretations of the Underground Railroad. The audience for William Still is a diverse one, including scholars and general readers interested in the history of the anti-slavery movement and the operation of the Underground Railroad, as well as genealogists tracing African American ancestors.
In this book, Dennis C. Dickerson examines the long history of the African Methodist Episcopal Church and its intersection with major social movements over more than two centuries. Beginning as a religious movement in the late eighteenth century, the African Methodist Episcopal Church developed as a freedom advocate for blacks in the Atlantic World. Governance of a proud black ecclesia often clashed with its commitment to and resources for fighting slavery, segregation, and colonialism, thus limiting the full realization of the church's emancipationist ethos. Dickerson recounts how this black institution nonetheless weathered the inexorable demands produced by the Civil War, two world wars, the civil rights movement, African decolonization, and women's empowerment, resulting in its global prominence in the contemporary world. His book also integrates the history of African Methodism within the broader historical landscape of American and African-American history.
This treatise elaborates a theory of ellipsis which brings the phenomenon under the aegis of very general and universal principles. It argues that the Empty Category Principle (ECP) constrains the distribution of ellipsis, just as it constrains the distributions of traces and null pronouns.
A luminous work about everyday citizens that should free up local democratic energies across the land!"--Aihwa Ong, author of Buddha is Hiding: Refugees, Citizenship, the New America "Local Democracy Under Siege argues persuasively that American democracy is at a pivotal moment where the forces of exclusion and the ideology of market rule contest with new forms of political activism and engaged citizenship. Readers will take away new perspectives on power, race, class, and activism from this cogent and timely analysis."--Louise Lamphere, co-author of Sunbelt Working Mothers: Reconciling Family and Factory "This unique study provides a vital enquiry into the troubled times of local democracy and poses critical questions about its future in the USA."--John Clarke, author of Changing Welfare, Changing StatesWhat is the state of democracy at the turn of the 21st century? To answer this question, seven scholars lived for a year in five North Carolina communities. They observed public meetings of all sorts, had informal and formal interviews with people, and listened as people conversed with each other at bus stops and barber shops, soccer games and workplaces. Their collaborative ethnography allows us to understand how diverse members of a community-not just the elite-think about and experience "politics" in ways that include much more than merely voting. This book illustrates how the social and economic changes of the last three decades have made some new routes to active democratic participation possible while making others more difficult. Local Democracy Under Siege suggests how we can account for the current limitations of U.S. democracy and how remedies can be created that ensure moremeaningful participation by a greater range of
Inotropic stimulation of the myocardium, as well as vasodilation and diuresis as essential principles in the treatment of congestive heart failure have recently met with considerable criticism and reevaluation. It is generally agreed that unloading of the heart, either through vasodilation and/or diuresis, improves the working conditions of the dilated, failing heart. It reduces myocar dial oxygen consumption through reduction of chamber radius and, thereby, wall tension as the major determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption. Inotropic stimulation, quite in contrast, does not conserve oxygen. It rather consumes energy and that may be disadvantageous in situations of compromised oxygen supply and energy metabolism of the working myocardium. However, under conditions of suf ficient oxygen supply and metabolic support inotropic stimulation may bring about in creased pumping and subsequent improvement of myocardial failure. In recent years it could convincingly be demonstrated that vasodilation leads to symp tomatic improvement of congestive heart failure, improvement of exercise tolerance, and it prolongs life - especially in the case of ACE-inhibitors and the combination of hydra lazine with long-acting nitrates. Quite in contrast, equally beneficial effects could not be demonstrated for inotropic agents in congestive heart failure. Only for the cardiac glyco sides has it been shown that beneficial effects can be achieved, especially if atrial fibril lation with absolute arrhythmia is present. The influence of the cardiac glycosides on the latter represents an effect which is independent of the inotropic action.
This book studies six vaulting techniques employed in architecture outside of Rome and asks why they were invented where they were and how they were disseminated. Most of the techniques involve terracotta elements in various forms, such as regular flat bricks, hollow voussoirs, vaulting tubes, and armchair voussoirs. Each one is traced geographically via GIS mapping, the results of which are analysed in relation to chronology, geography, and historical context. The most common building type in which the techniques appear is the bath, demonstrating its importance as a catalyst for technological innovation. This book also explores trade networks, the pottery industry, and military movements in relation to building construction, revealing how architectural innovation was influenced by wide ranging cultural factors, many of which stemmed from local influences rather than imperial intervention. Additional resources including extensive searchable databases with bibliographical data and colour illustrations available at www.cambridge.org/vaulting.
Effective Augmentative and Alternative Communication Practices provides a user-friendly handbook for any school-based practitioner, whether you are a special education teacher, an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) consultant, assistive technology consultant, speech language pathologist, or occupational therapist. This highly practical book translates the AAC research into practice and explains the importance of the use of AAC strategies across settings. The handbook also provides school-based practitioners with resources to be used during the assessment, planning, and instructional process.
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