Israelite festival calendar texts (Exod 23; 34; Lev 23; Num 28–29; Deut 16; and Ezek 45) share many features; however, there are also differences. Some of the most-often-cited differences are the following: festival dates, festival locations, date of the New Year, festival timing, and festival names. Scholars have explored these distinctions, and many have concluded that different sources (authors/redactors) wrote the various calendars at different times in Israelite history. Scholars use these dissimilarities to argue that Lev 23 was written in the exilic or postexilic era. Babcock offers a new translation and analysis of a second-millennium B.C. multimonth ritual calendar text from Emar (Emar 446) to challenge the late dating of Lev 23. Babcock argues that Lev 23 preserves an early (2nd-millennium) West Semitic ritual tradition. Building on the recent work of Klingbeil and Sparks, this book presents a new comparative methodology for exploring potential textual relationships. Babcock investigates the attributes of sacred ritual through the lens of sacred time, sacred space and movement, sacred objects, ritual participants, and ritual sound. The author begins with a study of ancient Near Eastern festival texts from the 3rd millennium through the 1st millennium. This analysis focuses on festival cycles, common festival attributes, and the role of time and space in ritual. Babcock then moves on to an intertextual study of biblical festival texts before completing a thorough investigation of both Lev 23 and Emar 446. The result is a compelling argument that Lev 23 preserves an early West Semitic festival tradition and does not date to the exilic era—refuting the scholarly consensus. This illuminating reading stands as a model for future research in the field of ritual and comparative textual studies.
Trajectories meets an urgent need in both undergraduate and graduate study of the Old Testament. Too often Old Testament theology focuses on the end-product and leaves the process obscured. Each chapter of Trajectories provides a clear path connecting biblical research to theological conclusions. The final chapter offers a step-by-step method for completing a thorough hermeneutical analysis framed within a discussion of the gospel message. Trajectories also seeks to situate Old Testament theology in relation to global and generational trends influencing the church and evangelical theology. The implications of globalization and the rise of millennials on Old Testament theology are critical and thought-provoking topics for discussion. Chapters in Trajectories are organized thematically, so the textbook can serve as a companion study guide to courses in the Old Testament and New Testament. In addition, the exploration of topics allows each study to link to the New Testament. Each chapter concludes with tangible applications for the contemporary Christian church and with questions for group discussion and reflection.
From a founding figure in the field, the definitive introduction to an exciting new science. What do the sounds of a chorus of tropical birds and frogs, a clap of thunder, and a cacophony of urban traffic have in common? They are all components of a soundscape, acoustic environments that have been identified by scientists as a combination of the biophony, geophony, and anthrophony, respectively, of all of Earth’s sound sources. As sound is a ubiquitous occurrence in nature, it is actively sensed by most animals and is an important way for them to understand how their environment is changing. For humans, environmental sound is a major factor in creating a psychological sense of place, and many forms of sonic expression by people embed knowledge and culture. In this book, soundscape ecology pioneer Bryan C. Pijanowski presents the definitive text for both students and practitioners who are seeking to engage with this thrilling new field. Principles of Soundscape Ecology clearly outlines soundscape ecology’s critical foundations, key concepts, methods, and applications. Fundamentals include concise and valuable descriptions of the physics of sound as well as a thorough elucidation of all sounds that occur on Earth. Pijanowski also presents a rich overview of the ecological, sociocultural, and technical theories that support this new science, illustrating the breadth of this amazingly transdisciplinary field. In methods, he describes the principles of data mining, signal processing, and mixed methods approaches used to study soundscapes in ecological, social, or socio-ecological contexts. The final section focuses on terrestrial, aquatic, urban, and music applications, demonstrating soundscape ecology’s utility in nearly all spaces.
Trajectories meets an urgent need in both undergraduate and graduate study of the Old Testament. Too often Old Testament theology focuses on the end-product and leaves the process obscured. Each chapter of Trajectories provides a clear path connecting biblical research to theological conclusions. The final chapter offers a step-by-step method for completing a thorough hermeneutical analysis framed within a discussion of the gospel message. Trajectories also seeks to situate Old Testament theology in relation to global and generational trends influencing the church and evangelical theology. The implications of globalization and the rise of millennials on Old Testament theology are critical and thought-provoking topics for discussion. Chapters in Trajectories are organized thematically, so the textbook can serve as a companion study guide to courses in the Old Testament and New Testament. In addition, the exploration of topics allows each study to link to the New Testament. Each chapter concludes with tangible applications for the contemporary Christian church and with questions for group discussion and reflection.
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