Concepts and Models for Drug Permeability Studies: Cell and Tissue Based in Vitro Culture Models, Second Edition, summarizes the most important developments in in vitro models for predicting the permeability of drugs. This book is structured around three different approaches, summarizing the most recent achievements regarding models comprising (i) immortalized cells with an intrinsic ability to grow as monolayers when seeded in permeable supports, (ii) primary cells isolated from living organisms and directly cultured as barrier monolayers, and (iii) tissue-based models constructed with cell lines and extracellular matrix that resembles the tridimensional structure of mucosae and other biological membranes, or animal/patient-derived tissues. Each model is covered in detail, including the protocol of generation and application for specific drugs/drug delivery systems. The equivalence between in vitro cell and tissue models and in vivo conditions is discussed, highlighting how each model may provisionally resemble different drug absorption route. Chapters included in the first edition were updated with relevant data published in recent years, while four new chapters were included to reflect new emerging directions and trends in drug permeability models. Concepts and Models for Drug Permeability Studies: Cell and Tissue Based in Vitro Culture Models, Second Edition, is a critical reference for drug discovery and drug formulation scientists interested in delivery systems intended for the administration of drugs through mucosal routes and other important tissue barriers (e.g. the BBB). Researchers studying mucosal biology can use this book to familiarize themselves and exploit the synergic effect of mucosal delivery systems and biomolecules. - Summarizes the current advances in the use of permeability models in drug transport - Covers the most important buccal, gastric, intestinal, pulmonary, nasal, vaginal, ocular, renal, skin, and blood–brain barrier in vitro models. Includes case studies to facilitate understanding of various concepts in computer-aided applications - Updates in the second edition include organ-on-chip devices, 3D advanced models (multiple layered tissues, organoids, etc.), and multicompartmentalized tissue models
Whereas simple manual drives were often used in stage technology in the past, today highly specialized know-how is employed. Therefore, personnel must be trained accordingly. This training ranges from courses for craftsmen to higher education at technical colleges and universities. The book therefore appeals to the entire range of interested parties; only one chapter requires basic technical knowledge.
This book brings together a series of articles produced in recent years and contains elements that can provide a panoramic view of the most prominent discussions in constitutional law in our time. The book is divided in five main parts, each of them is an article and addresses issues related to constitutional law, democracy and institutions. It brings about the challenges that Brazil must confront as part of the process of constructing a free, just and compassionate society, this book is intended to be an additional tool for improving the country’s institutions. In the inevitable presence of doubts and dreams, we seek to offer alternatives in order to ensure that this project continues.
Neutrices and External Numbers: A Flexible Number System introduces a new model of orders of magnitude and of error analysis, with particular emphasis on behaviour under algebraic operations. The model is formulated in terms of scalar neutrices and external numbers, in the form of an extension of the nonstandard set of real numbers. Many illustrative examples are given. The book starts with detailed presentation of the algebraic structure of external numbers, then deals with the generalized Dedekind completeness property, applications in analysis, domains of validity of approximations of solutions of differential equations, particularly singular perturbations. Finally, it describes the family of algebraic laws characterizing the practice of calculations with external numbers. Features Presents scalar neutrices and external numbers, a mathematical model of order of magnitude within the real number system. Outlines complete algebraic rules for the neutrices and external numbers Conducts operational analysis of convergence and integration of functions known up to orders of magnitude Formalises a calculus of error propagation, covariant with algebraic operations Presents mathematical models of phenomena incorporating their necessary imprecisions, in particular related to the Sorites paradox
The notion that there is no alternative to capitalism emerged after the fall of the Berlin Wall and made rapid headway due to increasing economic globalisation. More recently, this belief that there is no viable alternative has held firm despite the financial crisis, high unemployment levels and an ever-increasing gap between rich and poor. However, since the appearance of Benjamin Ward’s seminal 1958 article, economic theorists have been developing a workable alternative: a system of self-managed firms. The core argument outlined in this book is that a well-organised system of producer cooperatives would give rise to a new mode of production and, ultimately, a genuinely socialist society. This argument is developed through three key steps. First, following on from Jaroslav Vanek’s definition, it is argued that a ‘Labour-Managed Firm’, a firm which strictly segregates capital incomes from labour incomes, would implement a new production mode because it would reverse the pre-existing relation between capital and labour. Second, given that a system of these ‘Labour-Managed Firm’ cooperatives would reverse the capital-labour relationship, it is suggested that this would constitute a form of market socialism. Third, it is argued that compared to capitalism a system of producer cooperatives offers a wealth of advantages, including the potential for efficiency gains, the eradication of unemployment and the end of exploitation. Ultimately, this book concludes that self-management could take the place of central planning in Marxist visions for the future.
Long-lasting peaces: overcoming the war-peace hiatus for a sustainable future is composed by seven chapters distributed in 3 parts destined to provoke reflections about a common theme: the existent obstacles and plausible solutions to achieve sustainable peaces. Each one of the articles discusses, in a critical perspective, important issues of the international agenda. Among the matters it can be found: the participation of belligerent actors as a means to an effective peace accord, the contradiction between structural violence and formal peace in South America, the promotion of women equity in peace processes, ethnic tensions and the achievement of peace through justice, new perspectives on food security and its impacts on refugees and IDPs, environmental commitments to lessen climate change, and mechanisms for socioeconomic human development.
Emigrant voting has been implemented in more than 150 countries in the world, allowing emigrants to take part in the elections of their home country. This phenomenon is a consequence of global migration and political transnationalism. Looking at the experience of Brazil, this book explores the changed nature of Brazilian emigration and analyses how emigrant voting was initially introduced and subsequently permitted in all presidential elections. The book also investigates what external voting rights represent to the Brazilian emigrant community and if and how Brazilian emigrants engage politically with their country of origin. It is based on original research and data collected from Brazilians abroad across the seven countries with the most Brazilian emigrants.
An archaeological exploration of the mysterious world of cave art through the ages Deep underground, some of humanity’s earliest artistic endeavors have lain untouched for millennia. The dark interiors of caves, wherever they may be found, seem to have had a powerful draw for ancient peoples, who littered the cave floors with objects they had made. Later, they adorned cave walls with sacred symbols and secret knowledge, from the very first abstract symbols and handprints to complex and vivid arrangements of animals and people. Often undisturbed for many tens of thousands of years, these were among the first visual symbols that humans shared with each other, though they were made so long ago that we have entirely forgotten their meaning. However, as archaeologist Bruno David reveals, caves decorated more recently may help us to unlock their secrets. David tells the story of this mysterious world of decorated caves, from the oldest known painting tools to the magnificent murals of the European Ice Age. Showcasing the most astounding discoveries made in more than 150 years of archaeological exploration, Cave Art explores the creative achievements of our remotest ancestors and what they tell us about the human past.
This book addresses the developing area of biomass for technological applications. Written by leading researchers in the field, the book differs from other literature available by providing a detailed, in-depth discussion of the characteristics of these materials. The use of biomass for technological applications is a rapidly growing area in materials engineering and green bioprocesses. In this approach, pre-treatments focus on the bioavailability of nutrients and facilitate the use of biomass for delivering byproducts (e.g. enzymes) and for bioenergy production, both of which are discussed at length in this book. In this regard, it explores various aspects of the structural complexity of residual biomass produced by agricultural, industrial and livestock activities for biotechnological purposes, and assesses both conventional and emerging pre-treatments (e.g. biological, enzymatic and physical–chemical). This book reveals the advantages of these techniques, both individually and in combination, making it an excellent resource for all readers interested in cutting-edge applications of biomass.
Study of a magnetic gearbox for energy storage system application. Contains simulation results and tests carried out to verify the behavior of the torque output as a function of geometric and operation parameters. Focused on magnetic gearboxes with gains of 10 times or higher operating at high speed.
Building Education Together (BET): Reducing dropout rates in English as a Foreign Language programs through enhanced collaboration and motivation. In Chile, the high dropout rate of English programs places the country among those with the lowest proficiency levels globally. This study aims to decrease these rates by creating high-quality materials based on gamification, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), and collaborative work. The intervention, conducted with adult learners in an institute in Santiago, revealed that the combination of games, technology, and future-oriented tasks significantly increased motivation and classroom participation, while also reducing dropout intentions. The results indicate that a collaborative and motivational educational approach can improve students' confidence and future self-image, contributing to effective English learning.
This book is a practical guide to the everyday use of the revolutionary technique of non-invasive, dyeless OCT angiography imaging. Beginning with an overview of the principles and technology, and terminology, the next chapter discusses practical problems of OCT Angiography that may be encountered by clinicians. The following sections cover the use of the technique for the diagnosis and management of different ocular disorders, with a final chapter providing guidance on writing an OCT Angiography report. Presented in a step by step format, the book is highly illustrated with images obtained from Optovue’s Avanti Widefield OCT hardware platform and Angiovue OCT angiography software. The book is authored by a highly experienced, internationally recognised team of experts led by Prof Bruno Lumbroso from Centro Italiano Macula in Rome. Key points Practical guide to the everyday use of OCT Angiography Covers use of the technique for diagnosing and managing many different ocular disorders Most images from Optovue’s Avanti Widefield OCT hardware platform and Angiovue OCT angiography software Highly experienced, well-recognised author team led by Prof Bruno Lumbroso
Sustainability is the defining challenge for engineers in the twenty-first century. In addition to safe, economic, and effi-cient structures, a new criterion, sustainable, must be met. Furthermore, this new design paradigm–addressing social, economic, and environmental aspects–requires prompt action. In particular, mitigation of climate change requires sustainable solutions for new as well as existing structures. Taking from both practice and research, this book provides engineers with applicable, timely, and innovative information on the state-of-the-art in sustainable structural design. This Structural Engineering Document addresses safety and regulations, integration concepts, and a sustainable approach to structural design. Life-cycle assessment is presented as a critical tool to quantify design options, and the importance of existing structures–in particular cultural heritage structures–is critically reviewed. Consideration is also given to bridge design and maintenance, structural reassessment, and disaster risk reduction. Finally, the importance of environmentally friendly concrete is examined. Consequently, structural engineers are shown to have the technical proficiency, as well as ethical imperative, to lead in designing a sustainable future.
The updated and expanded third edition of this book focuses on the multi-disciplinary coupling between flight-vehicle hardware alternatives and enabling propulsion systems. It discusses how to match near-term and far-term aerospace vehicles to missions and provides a comprehensive overview of the subject, directly contributing to the next-generation space infrastructure, from space tourism to space exploration. This holistic treatment defines a mission portfolio addressing near-term to long-term space transportation needs covering sub-orbital, orbital and escape flight profiles. In this context, a vehicle configuration classification is introduced covering alternatives starting from the dawn of space access. A best-practice parametric sizing approach is introduced to correctly design the flight vehicle for the mission. This technique balances required mission with the available vehicle solution space and is an essential capability sought after by technology forecasters and strategic planners alike.
Interest in the molecular and mechanistic aspects of cosmetic research has grown exponentially during the past decade. Herbal Principles in Cosmetics: Properties and Mechanisms of Action critically examines the botanical, ethnopharmacological, phytochemical, and molecular aspects of botanical active ingredients used in cosmetics. Along with dermato
No longer merely a subspecialty, pediatric anesthesia is now a professional entity in its own right, as is amply demonstrated in this comprehensive addition to the medical and surgical literature. Pediatric Anesthesia: Basic Principles-State of the Art-Future comprises the contributions of 150 experts in the field from all over the world, providing this book with a truly global perspective. This textbook will help anesthesiologists already interested in pediatric anesthesia to the knowledge and skills inherent to the safe practice of anesthesia for infants and children.
This IBM® Redbooks® publication will help you to better understand the effective use of the WebSphere® DataPower® family of appliances. It provides guidance on the best methods identified to date for building the various components that implement solutions, such as handling MQ-based message flows or creating authentication and authorization policies. The information and recommendations in this publication are the result of real world experiences using the appliances. Such experience shows that taking the time to plan a solution implementation before beginning the work yields the greatest savings in time and energy and the highest quality outcome. This publication begins with a checklist of items to consider when planning a DataPower solution. This publication is intended to provide answers or guidance to implementation problems often encountered by users of the appliance. This book is not intended to present complete solutions or templates because experience shows that every customer uses the appliance in their own unique environment with unique requirements. Thus, this publication provides a compendium of information about particular aspects of a solution. Use the Table of Contents or Index to find your current issue, and return to this publication when the next issue or question arises. Refer to the related IBM Redbooks publication entitled DataPower SOA Appliance Administration, Deployment, and Best Practices, SG24-7901 for more information.
Gasification provides a series of workflow process fundamentals set within authentic contexts and case studies while exploring the pathways for gasification optimization, the effect of fuel blending in gasification systems, and the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics to describe said processes. Comprehensive in its coverage, this book allows engineering graduate students, advanced undergraduates, researchers and industry practitioners to further advance their own gasification strategy and understanding. Key features: Compares gasification with pyrolysis and combustion. Covers broad gasification mechanisms, experimental procedures, and numerical modelling. Provides techno-economic analysis applied to gasification systems coupled with risk analysis. Describes state-of-the-art processes concerning the co-firing of ammonia, coal and biomass.
Since the introduction of laser technology into medicine, quite a number of clinical applications in orthopaedics have been developed. This text is the first to provide comprehensive guidelines and how-to-do instructions for the application of lasers in orthopaedics. These cover patient selection and decision-making as well as the benefits and risks of the clinical application of lasers in arthroscopic surgery, spine surgery and open surgery. An overview is given on the basics of laser technology and the various laser types are evaluated in terms of optimal use.
Concepts and Models for Drug Permeability Studies: Cell and Tissue Based in Vitro Culture Models, Second Edition, summarizes the most important developments in in vitro models for predicting the permeability of drugs. This book is structured around three different approaches, summarizing the most recent achievements regarding models comprising (i) immortalized cells with an intrinsic ability to grow as monolayers when seeded in permeable supports, (ii) primary cells isolated from living organisms and directly cultured as barrier monolayers, and (iii) tissue-based models constructed with cell lines and extracellular matrix that resembles the tridimensional structure of mucosae and other biological membranes, or animal/patient-derived tissues. Each model is covered in detail, including the protocol of generation and application for specific drugs/drug delivery systems. The equivalence between in vitro cell and tissue models and in vivo conditions is discussed, highlighting how each model may provisionally resemble different drug absorption route. Chapters included in the first edition were updated with relevant data published in recent years, while four new chapters were included to reflect new emerging directions and trends in drug permeability models. Concepts and Models for Drug Permeability Studies: Cell and Tissue Based in Vitro Culture Models, Second Edition, is a critical reference for drug discovery and drug formulation scientists interested in delivery systems intended for the administration of drugs through mucosal routes and other important tissue barriers (e.g. the BBB). Researchers studying mucosal biology can use this book to familiarize themselves and exploit the synergic effect of mucosal delivery systems and biomolecules. - Summarizes the current advances in the use of permeability models in drug transport - Covers the most important buccal, gastric, intestinal, pulmonary, nasal, vaginal, ocular, renal, skin, and blood–brain barrier in vitro models. Includes case studies to facilitate understanding of various concepts in computer-aided applications - Updates in the second edition include organ-on-chip devices, 3D advanced models (multiple layered tissues, organoids, etc.), and multicompartmentalized tissue models
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