The paradigm of Graph Rewriting is used very little in the field of Natural Language Processing. But graphs are a natural way of representing the deep syntax and the semantics of natural languages. Deep syntax is an abstraction of syntactic dependencies towards semantics in the form of graphs and there is a compact way of representing the semantics in an underspecified logical framework also with graphs. Then, Graph Rewriting reconciles efficiency with linguistic readability for producing representations at some linguistic level by transformation of a neighbor level: from raw text to surface syntax, from surface syntax to deep syntax, from deep syntax to underspecified logical semantics and conversely.
Wussten Sie, dass Sie mit einem Röhrling näher verwandt sind als mit einem Gänseblümchen oder Vögel den Krokodilen näher sind als Eidechsen? In den letzten 30 Jahren sind die Methoden der Klassifikation des Lebens völlig neu überdacht worden. Das Resultat stellt die bisherige Einteilung der mehr als 2 Millionen bekannten Arten auf den Kopf. Das Buch hilft, die organismische Vielfalt zu bewältigen, indem wesentliche Einteilungs- und Ordnungskriterien vorgestellt und bedeutende stammesgeschichtliche Entwicklungslinien diskutiert werden.
Divided into two parts, this book discusses various aspects of bone SPECT/CT of ankle and foot.The first part is dedicated to foot and ankle pathology and concisely presents those disorders most frequently detected with a bone scan. The authors also describe common pathologies that cannot be diagnosed with bone scans, such as Morton’s neuroma, but which nuclear physicians need to recognize. Orthopedic surgeons’ expectancies are highlighted and several bone scan studies of clinical interest are presented.The second part is devoted to anatomy: bones, articulations and all relevant anatomical structures that are necessary to interpret a bone scan of the ankle and foot are described by means of anatomical illustrations with captions.At the end of the last decade, hybrid scanners with the ability to acquire single-photon emission computed tomoscintigraphy (SPECT) and multislice CT data simultaneously were introduced, thus opening a wide range of perspectives for nuclear physicians. Like their radiologist colleagues in the early 1990s, nuclear physicians have discovered pathologies that they were unaware of and have visualized increased tracer uptakes that they were previously unable to detect. This book, written by nuclear physicians and orthopedic surgeons specialized in the foot and ankle, will increase understanding of this whole new semiology.The internationally recognized Terminologia Anatomica has been used for the nomenclature of anatomical structures.
Once associated with the Cold War and with the Reagan administration’s “Star Wars” project, missile defence has now taken on a fresh lease of life. In response to an actual or perceived threat by States and public opinion, it has actually become one of the key topics in redefining the great strategic balances. To a large extent, however, its major technological, financial and military implications are still a mystery. It is true that this is still a difficult subject for a non-specialist public, very often coming down to grotesque misconceptions mixing ballistic missiles and the nuclear threat, pointing the finger at Iran, Syria and North Korea, not forgetting China, Russia, Israel and India, and the role of the United States, etc. Here the authors offer an educational work intended for the wider public, to reveal the technical, operational and strategic complexity of missile defence.
La biographie référente du maître-penseur de la guerre. Au même titre que Montesquieu pour le droit et Newton pour la physique, Carl von Clausewitz (1780-1831) a fondé l'étude systématique de la guerre en tant que phénomène humain éternel. Son livre majeur, De la guerre, est toujours lu et étudié dans le monde entier, car il a cette qualité rare de ne pas enfermer la réflexion mais de lui permettre, au contraire, de se développer et de s'adapter aux soubresauts de l'histoire. Or la vie de Clausewitz – à la fois officier supérieur et écrivain d'exception – reste pour beaucoup un mystère. La fin de la guerre froide, la réunification allemande et la reconstitution d'une partie des archives prussiennes permettent de mieux connaître l'homme. Loin d'être un penseur solitaire, le stratégiste a toujours entretenu de solides amitiés et il a pesé sur certaines décisions importantes durant les guerres napoléoniennes. Sa réflexion a aussi porté sur les rapports franco-allemands, dont il a bien compris qu'ils étaient au cœur des problèmes européens. Sa correspondance avec son épouse Marie, qui le fera passer à la postérité en faisant publier son œuvre, est une des plus riches de cette époque. Elle montre que les Clausewitz formaient un couple moderne, basé sur une estime mutuelle, une relation d'égalité et un dialogue permanent. Tout ceci n'est pas étranger à l'étonnante actualité de la pensée clausewitzienne.
The aim of the series is to present new and important developments in pure and applied mathematics. Well established in the community over two decades, it offers a large library of mathematics including several important classics. The volumes supply thorough and detailed expositions of the methods and ideas essential to the topics in question. In addition, they convey their relationships to other parts of mathematics. The series is addressed to advanced readers wishing to thoroughly study the topic. Editorial Board Lev Birbrair, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brasil Victor P. Maslov, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia Walter D. Neumann, Columbia University, New York, USA Markus J. Pflaum, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA Dierk Schleicher, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany
The role of French security policy and cooperation in Africa has long been recognized as a critically important factor in African politics and international relations. The newest form of security cooperation, a trend which merges security and development and which is actively promoted by other major Western powers, adds to our understanding of this broader trend in African relations with the industrialized North. This book investigates whether French involvement in Africa is really in the interest of Africans, or whether French intervention continues to deny African political freedom and to sustain their current social, economic and political conditions. It illustrates how policies portrayed as promoting stability and development can in fact be factors of instability and reproductive mechanisms of systems of dependency, domination and subordination. Providing complex ideas in a clear and pointed manner, France and the New Imperialism is a sophisticated understanding of critical security studies.
This book shows the development of women's status in the Mongol Empire from its original homeland in Mongolia up to the end of the Ilkhanate of Iran in 1335. Taking a thematic approach, the chapters show a coherent progression of this development and contextualise the evolution of the role of women in medieval Mongol society. The arrangement serves as a starting point from where to draw comparison with the status of Mongol women in the later period. Exploring patterns of continuity and transformation in the status of these women in different periods of the Mongol Empire as it expanded westwards into the Islamic world, the book offers a view on the transformation of a nomadic-shamanist society from its original homeland in Mongolia to its settlement in the mostly sedentary-Muslim Iran in the mid-13th century.
This vibrant bilingual edition, annotated by celebrated Bruno scholar Ingrid D. Rowland, features the text in its original Italian alongside an elegant, accurate English translation.
Novelist Honoré de Balzac was the first to use the phrase "Paris savant" to refer to the dynamic Parisian scientific and intellectual community of the late 18th century. The Academy of Sciences was highly active during this time, and was a meeting place for intellectual and scientific elite, who worked together toward the diffusion of scientific knowledge into Parisian society. The Royal Observatory was a headquarters for French astronomy, as well as the great geodesic project to map all of France. The Royal Mint hosted courses in chemistry and mining, and the Arsenal near the Bastille housed the laboratory of Lavoisier, the most celebrated chemist of the age. This book is the English translation of Bruno Belhoste's Paris Savant: Encounters in Enlightenment Science, originally published in France in 2011. Belhoste discusses how the Parisian scientific community came into its important place in the French Enlightenment, focusing on the Academy of Sciences. Chapters cover subjects such as what role Parisian geography played in the movement, the contributions of French scientists to industrial and urban improvement, and how the Academy of Sciences clashed with the revolutionary crisis, resulting in its closing in 1793. The translation includes a prologue for English readers.
Evidence of the medical practice of ancient Egypt has come down to us not only in pictorial art but also in papyrus scrolls, in funerary inscriptions, and in the mummified bodies of ancient Egyptians themselves. Halioua and Ziskind provide a comprehensive account of pharaonic medicine that is illuminated by what modern science has discovered about the lives (and deaths) of people from all walks of life.
Through a detailed study of the work of three of the leading figures of the era - Augustus Petermann, Physical Geographer Royal to Queen Victoria; cartographer Charles Meredith van de Velde, who produced the finest map of the region at the time; and Edward Robinson, founder of modern Palestinology - the authors explore the complex cultural, cartographic and technical processes that shaped and determined the resulting maps of the region. Making full use of newly discovered archival material, and richly illustrated in both colour and black and white, Mapping the Holy Land is essential reading for cartographers, historical geographers, historians of mapmaking, and for all those with an interest in the Holy Land and the history of Palestine.
The exhaustion of neoliberal globalization is marked by three great tendencies or inflections: the first is the scornful failure of the South-American attempt to construct a neo-developmentalist exit; the second is the increasingly unavoidable Chinese-effect macro and micro dynamics within globalization; the third is the combination of austerity policies and monetary emissions (Quantitative Easing) that characterize, for instance, the financial conduct of the Central European Bank. The dramatic failure to renew traditional state interventionism in the sphere of Pink Tide in Latin American politics—in particular with the violent recession of the biggest economy on the Latin American continent, Brazil—shows and confirms that the escape from neoliberal regulation does not pass through the return of the traditional role of the state. At the same time, the Chinese economy came to play a double role. On one hand, it appears to represent the great and irreversible novelty of neoliberal globalization, particularly when our point of perspective is South America. While almost nothing remains of the legacy of the center-left-leaning regimes, the last South American decade appears to have genuinely been a Chinese decade. The Chinese advance is seen, especially by voices of the critical globalization studies, as a new “outside” of Empire, as something that stands for an alternative path, even if it is nothing more than an “old new” outside. Meanwhile, the role played by the financial sector continues to be regarded per se as the fundamental problem of contemporary capitalism. For some, this is a case of a deviation from an otherwise “good capitalism, the misleading result of a fictitious and unreal sphere (as opposed to the sphere of material economy, of good old bosses and hard workers), while for others, it is a case of one of the moral characteristics of Western civilization: infinite debt, and capitalism happens to be its modern drift.
Mystical experience is not really understood in our modern Western culture, but we have a rich history and traadition that can be traced from remote ages to the present day. It is a phenomenon common to all religions and races, differing in manifestation, but sharing a similar foundation#8212the realization from personal experience that all things are interdependent, that the source is One. The mystical experience is often brief, immediate, maybe mysterious#8212a last experience that rbings all-embracing emotion (love) into the bounds of concrete reality. Bruno Borchert brings mysticism into sharp focus by exploring ideas and concecpts from world religions and explaining Christian mystics in history, in perspective, and through art. He takes us from Zoroaster to European alchemists, explores the Hellenistic world, the feminine world-view, and the experience of God shard by saints and well-known mystics such as St. Theresa and St. Francis. Modern approaches explored by psychologists like Jung and Maslow, and the contemporary search for mystical love make this a necessary book for people who want to understand the spiritual path.
This book analyses the evolution of the French model of capitalism in relation to the instability of socio-political compromises. In the 2010s, France was in a situation of systemic crisis, namely, the impossibility for political leadership to find a strategy of institutional change, or more generally a model of capitalism, that could gather sufficient social and political support. This book analyses the various attempts at reforming the French model since the 1980s, when the left tried briefly to orient the French political economy in a social-democratic/socialist direction before changing course and opting for a more orthodox macroeconomic and structural policy direction. The attempts of governments of the right to implement a radically neo-liberal structural policy also failed in the face of a significant social opposition. The enduring French systemic crisis is the expression of contradictions between the economic policies implemented by the successive left and right governments, and the existence of a dominant, social bloc, that is, a coalition of social groups that would politically support the dominant political strategy. Since 1978, both the right and the left have failed to find a solution to the contradictions between the policies they implemented and the expectations of their respective social bases, which are themselves inhabited by tensions and contradictions that evolve with the structural reforms that gradually transformed French capitalism.
Islam and Christianity in Medieval Anatolia offers a comparative approach to understanding the spread of Islam and Muslim culture in medieval Anatolia. It aims to reassess work in the field since the 1971 classic by Speros Vryonis, The Decline of Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization which treats the process of transformation from a Byzantinist perspective. Since then, research has offered insights into individual aspects of Christian-Muslim relations, but no overview has appeared. Moreover, very few scholars of Islamic studies have examined the problem, meaning evidence in Arabic, Persian and Turkish has been somewhat neglected at the expense of Christian sources, and too little attention has been given to material culture. The essays in this volume examine the interaction between Christianity and Islam in medieval Anatolia through three distinct angles, opening with a substantial introduction by the editors to explain both the research background and the historical problem, making the work accessible to scholars from other fields. The first group of essays examines the Christian experience of living under Muslim rule, comparing their experiences in several of the major Islamic states of Anatolia between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries, especially the Seljuks and the Ottomans. The second set of essays examines encounters between Christianity and Islam in art and intellectual life. They highlight the ways in which some traditions were shared across confessional divides, suggesting the existence of a common artistic and hence cultural vocabulary. The final section focusses on the process of Islamisation, above all as seen from the Arabic, Persian and Turkish textual evidence with special attention to the role of Sufism.
The book outlines the historical development of Public Law and the state from ancient times to the modern day, offering an account of relevant events in parallel with a general historical background, establishing and explaining the relationships between political, religious, and economic events.
Geometry processing, or mesh processing, is a fast-growing area of research that uses concepts from applied mathematics, computer science, and engineering to design efficient algorithms for the acquisition, reconstruction, analysis, manipulation, simulation, and transmission of complex 3D models. Applications of geometry processing algorithms alrea
In this issue: General History of the Dacians and their wars in the Ancient World (part two). Four Centuries of Italian Armours (12th-15th century)(part one). The Venetian Army and Navy in the Holy League War, 1684-99(part seven). The ‘Italian Vendee’: Anti French Uprisings and Civil War in Italy (part three). The Army of Egypt in the Years 1801-1832. Forgotten Fronts of WWI: Tsingtao (part three).
A great difficulty facing a biographer of Cauchy is that of delineating the curious interplay between the man, his times, and his scientific endeavors. Professor Belhoste has succeeded admirably in meeting this challenge and has thus written a vivid biography that is both readable and informative. His subject stands out as one of the most brilliant, versatile, and prolific fig ures in the annals of science. Nearly two hundred years have now passed since the young Cauchy set about his task of clarifying mathematics, extending it, applying it wherever possible, and placing it on a firm theoretical footing. Through Belhoste's work we are afforded a detailed, rather personalized picture of how a first rate mathematician worked at his discipline - his strivings, his inspirations, his triumphs, his failures, and above all, his conflicts and his errors.
This grammar provides the first modern, comprehensive description of Coastal Marind. It is a Papuan language spoken by the coastal-dwelling Marind-Anim, formerly expansionistic head-hunters of the Southern New Guinea lowlands. Like the other languages of the poorly known Anim family, Coastal Marind features astonishingly complex verb morphology and a range of unusual phenomena, including indexing of up to four arguments on the verb, verbal marking of focus (the 'Orientation' system), engagement prefixes tracking the attention of the addressee, and a system of four genders realised by intricate agreement patterns. The structure of the language is examined in a detailed but accessible way, and its many complexities are brought to life by contextualised spontaneous data, drawn from a rich audio-visual corpus.
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