When new leaders come to office, there is often speculation about whether they will take their countries' foreign policies in different directions or stick to their predecessors' policies. We argue that when new leaders come to power who represent different societal interests and preferences than their predecessors, leaders may pursue new foreign policies. At the same time, in democracies, leadership selection processes and policymaking rules blunt leaders' incentives and opportunities for change. Democracies thus tend to pursue more consistent foreign policies than nondemocracies even when new leaders with different supporting coalitions assume office. Statistical analyses of three distinct foreign policy areas – military alliances, UNGA voting, and economic sanctions – provide support for our argument. In a fourth area – trade – we find that both democracies and nondemocracies are more likely to experience foreign policy change when a new leader with a different supporting coalition comes to power. We thus conclude that foreign policy responds to domestic political interests, and that, even as the interests supporting leaders change, democracies' foreign policies are no less stable than those of nondemocracies and often exhibit greater consistency.
When new leaders come to office, there is often speculation about whether they will take their countries' foreign policies in different directions or stick to their predecessors' policies. We argue that when new leaders come to power who represent different societal interests and preferences than their predecessors, leaders may pursue new foreign policies. At the same time, in democracies, leadership selection processes and policymaking rules blunt leaders' incentives and opportunities for change. Democracies thus tend to pursue more consistent foreign policies than nondemocracies even when new leaders with different supporting coalitions assume office. Statistical analyses of three distinct foreign policy areas – military alliances, UNGA voting, and economic sanctions – provide support for our argument. In a fourth area – trade – we find that both democracies and nondemocracies are more likely to experience foreign policy change when a new leader with a different supporting coalition comes to power. We thus conclude that foreign policy responds to domestic political interests, and that, even as the interests supporting leaders change, democracies' foreign policies are no less stable than those of nondemocracies and often exhibit greater consistency.
Constructing International Security helps policy makers and students recognize effective third-party strategies for balancing deterrence and restraint in security relationships. Brett V. Benson shows that there are systematic differences among types of security commitments. Understanding these commitments is key, because commitments, such as formal military alliances and extended deterrence threats, form the basis of international security order. Benson argues that sometimes the optimal commitment conditions military assistance on specific hostile actions the adversary might take. At other times, he finds, it is best to be ambiguous by leaving an ally and adversary uncertain about whether the third party will intervene. Such uncertainty transfers risk to the ally, thereby reducing the ally's motivation to behave too aggressively. The choice of security commitment depends on how well defenders can observe hostilities leading to war and on their evaluations of dispute settlements, their ally's security and the relative strength of the defender.
This timely book offers a raw critique of the current educational issues and debates, alongside ‘teacher hacks’ to provide teachers, trainee teachers and educators with a plethora of stimulating material to ignite curiosity, maintain passion and culture creativity in the classroom. Made in partnership with academics and primary school teachers working on the frontline from around the globe, this book is threaded with honest practitioner voices as the big educational issues are boiled down and explored. Chapters cover day-to-day organisation such as planning, subject knowledge, setting homework and behaviour management strategies, right through to considering how we can best support children’s mental health and staff well-being. As well as including critical questions to encourage reflection throughout, the book offers insights into meaningful experiences such as: Teaching overseas Taking on responsibility roles in schools Considering how teachers can become educational researchers for transformative change Engaging with parents and carers Deploying teaching assistants Whether trainee teachers, early career teachers or established practitioners, this book provides insight into trialled tips and techniques for shaping pedagogy in the classroom. A modern, well-resourced guide as we emerge from the global COVID-19 pandemic.
Brett Lee is one of cricket’s most prolific personalities. Recipient of the prestigious Allan Border Medal and a former Test Player of the Year—the blond speedster has amassed over 300 test wickets, and continues to add more feathers to his cap. Tearing in at over 160 kilometres an hour, ‘Binga’ has dented many a helmet and inspired fear in the best batsmen. My Life is his story—honest, engaging, and laced with charming wit. The book takes you inside the dressing room and sheds light on the highs and lows of the game—the pride of possessing a baggy green, the camaraderie between the boys, superstardom, and the inevitable controversies. It provides a glimpse into the life of one of Australia’s most successful fast bowlers and his love for music, fashion, and above all India.
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