The subject of this book is the »Proposal for a Council Directive on Civil Liability for Damage Caused by Waste« which was first presented by the Commission of the European Communities in 1989, then amended in 1991, and which remains under consideration by the Council to this day.The book attempts to look at the Proposal from a comparative point of view, asking what impact the Directive, if implemented as drafted, would have on the law of different Member States of the EC. For this purpose, England (as part of the U. K.) and Germany have been taken as examples. A detailed and comparative outline of the English and German law related to civil liability for waste precedes the examination of the proposed Directive. In this way, the book also contributes to the discussion triggered by the Commission's »Green Paper on Remedying Environmental Damage« of 1993. To the main text of the book, which is written in English, an extensive German summary has been added.Gegenstand dieses Buches ist der von der Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaften (jetzt: der Europäischen Union)im Jahre 1989 vorgelegte »Vorschlag für eine Richtlinie des Rates über die zivilrechtliche Haftung für die durch Abfälle verursachten Schäden«, der im Jahre 1991 mit wesentlichen Änderungen versehen wurde und dem Rat nach wie vor zur Prüfung vorliegt.Das Buch beleuchtet den Richtlinienvorschlag rechtsvergleichend, d. h. unter der Fragestellung, wie sich die Richtlinie auf die Rechtslage in verschiedenen Mitgliedsstaaten der EU auswirken würde, wenn sie in ihrer derzeitigen Fassung in Kraft träte. Als Beispiele dienen England (als Teil des Vereinigten Königreiches) und Deutschland. Eine detaillierte und rechtsvergleichende Darstellung des englischen und deutschen Rechts in bezug auf die zivilrechtliche Haftung für Abfälle ist daher der Untersuchung des Richtlinienvorschlages vorangestellt. Auf diese Weise leistet das Buch auch einen Beitrag zu der Diskussion, die das im Jahre 1993 von der Europäischen Kommission vorgelegte »Grünbuch über die Sanierung von Umweltschäden« ausgelöst hat. Dem in englischer Sprache verfaßten Haupttext wurde eine ausführliche deutsche Zusammenfassung beigegeben.
Covers the State of the Art in Superfluidity and SuperconductivitySuperfluid States of Matter addresses the phenomenon of superfluidity/superconductivity through an emergent, topologically protected constant of motion and covers topics developed over the past 20 years. The approach is based on the idea of separating universal classical-field superf
This book contains detailed insights on the calculus of variations that studies the equilibrium density matrix for many-particle Fermi systems. There are two approximations taken into account in the book. The simplest one is the mean field approximation. The second approximation applies not only to the particle distribution pattern but also to the correlation function. The variational principle for electron distribution function among wave vectors has been denoted in the work. The method that makes using the density matrix for finding the valence electron energy in metal has been proposed. It has been proved that the Coulomb interaction of electrons in a crystal lattice results in production of the model Hamiltonian consisting of two components. One component describes attraction of electrons with the equal wave vectors inducing formation of specific electron pairs. The other component describes repulsion of electrons with the wave vectors being equal by size and opposite by direction. This component denotes the anisotropy regarding distribution of electrons among wave vectors thus indicating the superconducting substance ability. The Fermi-Dirac distribution function, as considered together with the model Hamiltonian, explains all the properties exhibited by superconductors. Thus, the effect of a magnetic field on the superconducting states is studied in the book. The book can be interesting for senior schoolchildren, students of higher educational institutions, postgraduates and teachers.
In Density Matrix Theories in Quantum Physics, the author explores new possibilities for the main quantities in quantum physics – the statistical operator and the density matrix. The starting point in this exploration is the Lindblad equation for the statistical operator, where the main element of influence on a system by its environment is the dissipative operator. Bondarev has developed the theory of the harmonic oscillator, in which he finds the density matrix and proves the Heisenberg relation. Bondarev has written the dissipative diffusion and attenuation operators and proven the equivalence of the Wigner and Fokker–Planck equations using them. He further develops theories of the light-emitting diode and ball lightning. Bondarev also derives equations for the density matrix of a single particle and a system of identical particles. These equations have a remarkable property: when the density matrix has a diagonal shape they turn into a quantum kinetic equation for probability. Additional chapters in the book present new theories of experimentally discovered phenomena, such as the step kinetics of bimolecular reactions in solids, superconductivity, superfluidity, the energy spectrum of an arbitrary atom, lasers, spasers, and graphene. Density Matrix Theories in Quantum Physics is an informative reference for theoretical physicists interested in new theories on the subject of complex physical phenomena, quantum theory and density matrices.
Laser cleaning is very important for modern high technology. It is used, or considered for use in the fabrication of printed circuit boards, in the production of dynamic random access memory (DRAM), in lithography and epitaxial growth, for the removal of contaminations during via-hole production, and for the cleaning of micro-optical and micro-mechanical components.This invaluable book presents the mechanics of the cleaning processes, experimental results, and different applications, including laser cleaning of art. It contains review articles by leading specialists in laser cleaning who participated in the 1st International Workshop on Laser Cleaning, held in Singapore in 2001.
This book offers a detailed investigation of breakdowns in traffic and transportation networks. It shows empirically that transitions from free flow to so-called synchronized flow, initiated by local disturbances at network bottlenecks, display a nucleation-type behavior: while small disturbances in free flow decay, larger ones grow further and lead to breakdowns at the bottlenecks. Further, it discusses in detail the significance of this nucleation effect for traffic and transportation theories, and the consequences this has for future automatic driving, traffic control, dynamic traffic assignment, and optimization in traffic and transportation networks. Starting from a large volume of field traffic data collected from various sources obtained solely through measurements in real world traffic, the author develops his insights, with an emphasis less on reviewing existing methodologies, models and theories, and more on providing a detailed analysis of empirical traffic data and drawing consequences regarding the minimum requirements for any traffic and transportation theories to be valid. The book - proves the empirical nucleation nature of traffic breakdown in networks - discusses the origin of the failure of classical traffic and transportation theories - shows that the three-phase theory is incommensurable with the classical traffic theories, and - explains why current state-of-the art dynamic traffic assignments tend to provoke heavy traffic congestion, making it a valuable reference resource for a wide audience of scientists and postgraduate students interested in the fundamental understanding of empirical traffic phenomena and related data-driven phenomenology, as well as for practitioners working in the fields of traffic and transportation engineering.
This volume is intended as a systematic introduction to gauge field theory for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in high energy physics. The discussion is restricted to the classical (non-quantum) theory in Minkowski spacetime. Particular attention has been given to conceptual aspects of field theory, accurate definitions of basic physical notions, and thorough analysis of exact solutions to the equations of motion for interacting systems.
The discovery of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance is one of the outstanding events in Physics of the 20th Century. This phenomenon, connected with EPR, penetrates deep into the world of substances and has wide application in various spheres of the human activities. It was discovered by E K Zavoisky during the Second World War. This book covers what proceeded his success, his approach and how Kazan was transformed into a significant center of research in the field of radiospectroscopy.
Inorganic and Composite Fibers: Production, Properties, and Applications provides a comprehensive review on the development, production and application of modern inorganic and composite fibers. Particular emphasis is placed on current production processes, parameters and finishing and functionalization methods for improving their properties and the problems associated with the testing of fibers. Fibers covered include carbon, glass and basalt fibers, metal fibers, such as copper and steel, fibers coated with silver or gold, and nitinol. In addition to pure inorganic fibers, the book looks at organic fibers with a high level of inorganic content, such as cellulosic fibers. Including contributions from leading experts from universities, research institutes, and producing companies, this book assists materials scientists and engineers in the composites, automotive, textile and medical industries to more efficiently and effectively select fibers for a range of different applications areas. - Presents a thorough introduction to inorganic fibers, such as carbon fiber and nanotubes, graphene, glass fibers, and many more, including the fundamentals of production, processing and finishing of each fiber type - Includes coverage of a range of application areas of inorganic fibers to assist in product development - Keeps researchers up-to-date by providing information on the latest developments in this field, thus supporting further research
This research monograph brings AI to the field of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) to make a customer experience with a product or service smart and enjoyable. AI is here to help customers to get a refund for a canceled flight, unfreeze a banking account or get a health test result. Today, CRM has evolved from storing and analyzing customers’ data to predicting and understanding their behavior by putting a CRM system in a customers’ shoes. Hence advanced reasoning with learning from small data, about customers’ attitudes, introspection, reading between the lines of customer communication and explainability need to come into play. Artificial Intelligence for Customer Relationship Management leverages a number of Natural Language Processing (NLP), Machine Learning (ML), simulation and reasoning techniques to enable CRM with intelligence. An effective and robust CRM needs to be able to chat with customers, providing desired information, completing their transactions and resolving their problems. It introduces a systematic means of ascertaining a customers’ frame of mind, their intents and attitudes to determine when to provide a thorough answer, a recommendation, an explanation, a proper argument, timely advice and promotion or compensation. The author employs a spectrum of ML methods, from deterministic to statistical to deep, to predict customer behavior and anticipate possible complaints, assuring customer retention efficiently. Providing a forum for the exchange of ideas in AI, this book provides a concise yet comprehensive coverage of methodologies, tools, issues, applications, and future trends for professionals, managers, and researchers in the CRM field together with AI and IT professionals.
Introducing Lévi-Strauss is a guide to the work of the great French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908–2009). The book brilliantly traces the development and influence of Lévi-Strauss' thought, from his early work on the function of the incest taboo to initiate an exchange of women between groups, to his identification of a timeless "wild" or "primitive" mode of thinking – a pensée sauvage – behind the processes of human culture. Accessibly written by Boris Wiseman and beautifully illustrated by Judy Groves, Introducing Lévi-Strauss also explores the major contribution that Lévi-Strauss made to contemporary aesthetic history – his work on American-Indian mythology provides a key insight into the way in which art itself comes into being. This is an essential introduction to a key thinker.
This book breaks through in the field of mathematical creativity and giftedness. It suggests directions for closing the gap between research in the field of mathematics education and research in the field of creativity and giftedness. It also outlines a research agenda for further research and development in the field.
Modern Crystallography provides an encyclopedic exposition of the field in four volumes written by Russian scientists. Structures of Crystals considers the ideal and real atomic structure of crystals as well as their electronic structures, the fundamentals of chemical bonding between atoms, geometric representations in the theory of crystal structure and crystal chemistry, as well as lattice energy. The important classes of crystal structures in inorganic compounds as well as structure polymers, liquid crystals, biological crystals, and macromolecules are treated. This second edition is complemented by recent data on many types of crystal structures - fullerenes, high-temperature superconductors, minerals, liquid crystals, etc.
Unified Non-Local Theory of Transport Processess, 2nd Edition provides a new theory of transport processes in gases, plasmas and liquids. It is shown that the well-known Boltzmann equation, which is the basis of the classical kinetic theory, is incorrect in the definite sense. Additional terms need to be added leading to a dramatic change in transport theory. The result is a strict theory of turbulence and the possibility to calculate turbulent flows from the first principles of physics. - Fully revised and expanded edition, providing applications in quantum non-local hydrodynamics, quantum solitons in solid matter, and plasmas - Uses generalized Boltzmann kinetic theory as an highly effective tool for solving many physical problems beyond classical physics - Addresses dark matter and energy - Presents non-local physics in many related problems of hydrodynamics, gravity, black holes, nonlinear optics, and applied mathematics
Although the vast majority of diabetes cases (type 1 and type 2) are polygenic diseases, research, funded by the American Diabetes Association, has found that some forms of diabetes, distinct from type 1 or type 2 diabetes, are caused by single gene mutations. It has been estimated that these monogenic forms of diabetes account for up to five percent of all diabetes cases. In addition to monogenic diabetes, there are other atypical causes of diabetes, including: genetic defects in insulin action; diseases of the exocrine pancreas; and endocrinopathies. Given recent advances in our understanding of sub-types of diabetes, the time has come for a book on how to correctly diagnose and treat patients with atypical forms of this disorder. The book will be divided into three parts, each exploring distinct categories of atypical diabetes. Part I: Monogenic Diabetes: Genetic Defects of β-cell development and function; Part II: Insulin resistance, genetic defects in insulin action, and diseases of exocrine pancreas; Part III: Endocrinopathies, Immune-mediated diabetes, Diabetes of Unknown cause, and Other genetic syndromes sometimes associated with diabetes.
Real-time model predictive controller (MPC) implementation in active vibration control (AVC) is often rendered difficult by fast sampling speeds and extensive actuator-deformation asymmetry. If the control of lightly damped mechanical structures is assumed, the region of attraction containing the set of allowable initial conditions requires a large prediction horizon, making the already computationally demanding on-line process even more complex. Model Predictive Vibration Control provides insight into the predictive control of lightly damped vibrating structures by exploring computationally efficient algorithms which are capable of low frequency vibration control with guaranteed stability and constraint feasibility. In addition to a theoretical primer on active vibration damping and model predictive control, Model Predictive Vibration Control provides a guide through the necessary steps in understanding the founding ideas of predictive control applied in AVC such as: · the implementation of computationally efficient algorithms · control strategies in simulation and experiment and · typical hardware requirements for piezoceramics actuated smart structures. The use of a simple laboratory model and inclusion of over 170 illustrations provides readers with clear and methodical explanations, making Model Predictive Vibration Control the ideal support material for graduates, researchers and industrial practitioners with an interest in efficient predictive control to be utilized in active vibration attenuation.
Kings and Usurpers in the Seleukid Empire: The Men who would be King focuses on ideas of kingship and power in the Seleukid empire, the largest of the successor states of Alexander the Great. Exploring the question of how a man becomes a king, it specifically examines the role of usurpers in this particular kingdom--those who attempted to become king, and who were labelled as rebels by ancient authors after their demise--by placing these individuals in their appropriate historical contexts through careful analysis of the literary, numismatic, and epigraphic material. By writing about kings and rebels, literary accounts make a clear statement about who had the right to rule and who did not, and the Seleukid kings actively fostered their own images of this right throughout the third and second centuries BCE. However, what emerges from the documentary evidence is a revelatory picture of a political landscape in which kings and those who would be kings were in constant competition to persuade whole cities and armies that they were the only plausible monarch, and of a right to rule that, advanced and refuted on so many sides, simply did not exist. Through careful analysis, this volume advances a new political history of the Seleukid empire that is predicated on social power, redefining the role of the king as only one of several players within the social world and offering new approaches to the interpretation of the relationship between these individuals themselves and with the empire they sought to rule. In doing so, it both questions the current consensus on the Seleukid state, arguing instead that despite its many strong rulers the empire was structurally weak, and offers a new approach to writing political history of the ancient world.
As nanotechnology has developed over the last two decades, some nanostructures, such as nanotubes, nanowires, and nanoparticles, have become very popular. However, recent research has led to the discovery of other, less-common nanoforms, which often serve as building blocks for more complex structures. In an effort to organize the field, the Handbook of Less-Common Nanostructures presents an informal classification based mainly on the less-common nanostructures. A small nanotechnological encyclopedia, this book: Describes a range of little-known nanostructures Offers a unifying vision of the synthesis of nanostructures and the generalization of rare nanoforms Includes a CD-ROM with color versions of more than 100 nanostructures Explores the fabrication of rare nanostructures, including modern physical, chemical, and biological synthesis techniques The Handbook of Less-Common Nanostructures discusses a classification system not directly related to the dimensionality and chemical composition of nanostructure-forming compounds or composite. Instead, it is based mainly on the less-common nanostructures. Possessing unusual shapes and high surface areas, these structures are potentially very useful for catalytic, medical, electronic, and many other applications.
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