Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology's Books

Reducing the Time from Basic Research to Innovation in the Chemical Sciences

A Workshop Report to the Chemical Sciences Roundtable

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Chemical Sciences Roundtable

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Reducing the Time from Basic Research to Innovation in the Chemical Sciences

A Workshop Report to the Chemical Sciences Roundtable

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Chemical Sciences Roundtable

Innovation, the process by which fundamental research becomes a commercial product, is increasingly important in the chemical sciences and is changing the nature of research and development efforts in the United States. The workshop was held in response to requests to speed the R&D process and to rapidly evolve the patterns of interaction among industry, academe, and national laboratories. The report contains the authors' written version of the workshop presentations along with audience reaction.

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141

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309087341

ISBN 13

9780309087346

Graduate Education in the Chemical Sciences

Issues for the 21st Century: Report of a Workshop

By: National Research Council,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Chemical Sciences Roundtable

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Graduate Education in the Chemical Sciences

Issues for the 21st Century: Report of a Workshop

By: National Research Council,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Chemical Sciences Roundtable

Graduate Education in the Chemical Sciences is a summary of the December 1999 workshop, "Graduate Education in the Chemical Sciences: Issues for the 21st Century." This workshop discussed the various features of graduate education in chemical science and technology. Using case histories and their individual experiences, speakers examined the current status of graduate education in the chemical sciences, identified problems and opportunities, and discussed possible strategies for improving the system. The discussion was oriented toward the goal of generating graduates who are well prepared to advance the chemical sciences in academia, government, and industry in the next 5 to 10 years.

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185

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309171725

ISBN 13

9780309171724

Assessing the Value of Research in the Chemical Sciences

By: Chemical Sciences Roundtable,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Research Council

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Assessing the Value of Research in the Chemical Sciences

This book captures the messages from a workshop that brought together research managers from government, industry, and academia to review and discuss the mechanisms that have been proposed or used to assess the value of chemical research. The workshop focused on the assessment procedures that have been or will be established within the various organizations that carry out or fund research activities, with particular attention to the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA). The book presents approaches and ideas from leaders in each area that were intended to identify new and useful ways of assessing the value and potential impact of research activities.

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138

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309519764

ISBN 13

9780309519762

The Role of the Chemical Sciences in Finding Alternatives to Critical Resources

A Workshop Summary

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Chemical Sciences Roundtable

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The Role of the Chemical Sciences in Finding Alternatives to Critical Resources

A Workshop Summary

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Chemical Sciences Roundtable

The Chemical Sciences Roundtable (CSR) was established in 1997 by the National Research Council (NRC). It provides a science oriented apolitical forum for leaders in the chemical sciences to discuss chemistry-related issues affecting government, industry, and universities. Organized by the National Research Council's Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology, the CSR aims to strengthen the chemical sciences by fostering communication among the people and organizations - spanning industry, government, universities, and professional associations - involved with the chemical enterprise. One way it does this is by organizing workshops that address issues in chemical science and technology that require national attention. In September 2011, the CSR organized a workshop on the topic, "The Role of Chemical Sciences in Finding Alternatives to Critical Resources." The one-and-a-half-day workshop addressed key topics, including the economic and political matrix, the history of societal responses to key mineral and material shortages, the applications for and properties of existing minerals and materials, and the chemistry of possible replacements. The workshop featured several presentations highlighting the importance of critical nonfuel mineral and material resources in history, catalysis, agriculture, and electronic, magnetic, and optical applications. The Role of the Chemical Sciences in Finding Alternatives to Critical Resources: A Workshop Summary explains the presentations and discussions that took place at the workshop. In accordance with the policies of the NRC, the workshop did not attempt to establish any conclusions or recommendations about needs and future directions, focusing instead on issues identified by the speakers.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309254299

ISBN 13

9780309254298

Women in the Chemical Workforce

A Workshop Report to the Chemical Sciences Roundtable

By: National Research Council,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Chemical Sciences Roundtable

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Women in the Chemical Workforce

A Workshop Report to the Chemical Sciences Roundtable

By: National Research Council,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Chemical Sciences Roundtable

For a period of history no women worked outside the home. Bust as years have gone by and society has changed, Women are working varying jobs every day. They are, however, underrepresented in some sectors of jobs. This includes women in the engineering and science fields. To matters worse, women do not ascend the career ladder as fast as or as far as men do. The impact of this and related problems for science, the academic enterprise, the U.S. economy, and global economic competitiveness have been recently examined. The Chemical Sciences Roundtable evaluate that the demographics of the workforce and the implications for science and society vary, depending on the field of science or engineering. The roundtable has organized a workshop, "Women in the Chemical Workforce," to address issues pertinent to the chemical and chemical engineering workforce as a whole, with an emphasis on the advancement of women. Women in the Chemical Workforce: A Workshop Report to the Chemical Sciences Roundtable includes reports regarding the workshop's three sessionsâ€"Context and Overview, Opportunities for Change, and Conditions for Successâ€"as well as presentations by invited speakers, discussions within breakout groups, oral reports from each group.

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158

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030907293X

ISBN 13

9780309072939

International Benchmarking of U.S. Chemical Engineering Research Competitiveness

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Panel on Benchmarking the Research Competitiveness of the U.S. in Chemical Engineering

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International Benchmarking of U.S. Chemical Engineering Research Competitiveness

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Panel on Benchmarking the Research Competitiveness of the U.S. in Chemical Engineering

More than $400 billion worth of products rely on innovations in chemistry. Chemical engineering, as an academic discipline and profession, has enabled this achievement. In response to growing concerns about the future of the discipline, International Benchmarking of U.S. Chemical Engineering Research Competitiveness gauges the standing of the U.S. chemical engineering enterprise in the world. This in-depth benchmarking analysis is based on measures including numbers of published papers, citations, trends in degrees conferred, patent productivity, and awards. The book concludes that the United States is presently, and is expected to remain, among the world's leaders in all subareas of chemical engineering research. However, U.S. leadership in some classical and emerging subareas will be strongly challenged. This critical analysis will be of interest to practicing chemical engineers, professors and students in the discipline, economists, policy makers, major research university administrators, and executives in industries dependent upon innovations in chemistry.

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247

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309105374

ISBN 13

9780309105378

Preparing Chemists and Chemical Engineers for a Globally Oriented Workforce

A Workshop Report to the Chemical Sciences Roundtable

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Chemical Sciences Roundtable

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Preparing Chemists and Chemical Engineers for a Globally Oriented Workforce

A Workshop Report to the Chemical Sciences Roundtable

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Chemical Sciences Roundtable

Globalizationâ€"the flow of people, goods, services, capital, and technology across international bordersâ€"is significantly impacting the chemistry and chemical engineering professions. Chemical companies are seeking new ideas, a trained workforce, and new market opportunities regardless of geographic location. During an October 2003 workshop, leaders in chemistry and chemical engineering from industry, academia, government, and private funding organizations explored the implications of an increasingly global research environment for the chemistry and chemical engineering workforce. The workshop presentations described deficiencies in the current educational system and the need to create and sustain a globally aware workforce in the near future. The goal of the workshop was to inform the Chemical Sciences Roundtable, which provides a science-oriented, apolitical forum for leaders in the chemical sciences to discuss chemically related issues affecting government, industry, and universities.

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ISBN 10

0309165806

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9780309165808

Effective Chemistry Communication in Informal Environments

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Science Education,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Committee on Communicating Chemistry in Informal Settings

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Effective Chemistry Communication in Informal Environments

Chemistry plays a critical role in daily life, impacting areas such as medicine and health, consumer products, energy production, the ecosystem, and many other areas. Communicating about chemistry in informal environments has the potential to raise public interest and understanding of chemistry around the world. However, the chemistry community lacks a cohesive, evidence-based guide for designing effective communication activities. This report is organized into two sections. Part A: The Evidence Base for Enhanced Communication summarizes evidence from communications, informal learning, and chemistry education on effective practices to communicate with and engage publics outside of the classroom; presents a framework for the design of chemistry communication activities; and identifies key areas for future research. Part B: Communicating Chemistry: A Framework for Sharing Science is a practical guide intended for any chemists to use in the design, implementation, and evaluation of their public communication efforts.

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169

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309377552

ISBN 13

9780309377553

Industrialization of Biology

A Roadmap to Accelerate the Advanced Manufacturing of Chemicals

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Committee on Industrialization of Biology: A Roadmap to Accelerate the Advanced Manufacturing of Chemicals

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Industrialization of Biology

A Roadmap to Accelerate the Advanced Manufacturing of Chemicals

The tremendous progress in biology over the last half century - from Watson and Crick's elucidation of the structure of DNA to today's astonishing, rapid progress in the field of synthetic biology - has positioned us for significant innovation in chemical production. New bio-based chemicals, improved public health through improved drugs and diagnostics, and biofuels that reduce our dependency on oil are all results of research and innovation in the biological sciences. In the past decade, we have witnessed major advances made possible by biotechnology in areas such as rapid, low-cost DNA sequencing, metabolic engineering, and high-throughput screening. The manufacturing of chemicals using biological synthesis and engineering could expand even faster. A proactive strategy - implemented through the development of a technical roadmap similar to those that enabled sustained growth in the semiconductor industry and our explorations of space - is needed if we are to realize the widespread benefits of accelerating the industrialization of biology. Industrialization of Biology presents such a roadmap to achieve key technical milestones for chemical manufacturing through biological routes. This report examines the technical, economic, and societal factors that limit the adoption of bioprocessing in the chemical industry today and which, if surmounted, would markedly accelerate the advanced manufacturing of chemicals via industrial biotechnology. Working at the interface of synthetic chemistry, metabolic engineering, molecular biology, and synthetic biology, Industrialization of Biology identifies key technical goals for next-generation chemical manufacturing, then identifies the gaps in knowledge, tools, techniques, and systems required to meet those goals, and targets and timelines for achieving them. This report also considers the skills necessary to accomplish the roadmap goals, and what training opportunities are required to produce the cadre of skilled scientists and engineers needed.

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158

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ISBN 10

0309316553

ISBN 13

9780309316552

Undergraduate Chemistry Education

A Workshop Summary

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Chemical Sciences Roundtable

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Undergraduate Chemistry Education

A Workshop Summary

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Chemical Sciences Roundtable

Undergraduate Chemistry Education is the summary of a workshop convened in May 2013 by the Chemical Science Roundtable of the National Research Council to explore the current state of undergraduate chemistry education. Research and innovation in undergraduate chemistry education has been done for many years, and one goal of this workshop was to assist in the transfer of lessons learned from the education research community to faculty members whose expertise lies in the field of chemistry rather than in education. Through formal presentations and panel discussions, participants from academia, industry, and funding organizations explored drivers of change in science, technology, engineering and mathematics education; innovations in chemistry education; and challenges and opportunities in chemistry education reform. Undergraduate Chemistry Education discusses large-scale innovations that are transferable, widely applicable, and/or proven successful, with specific consideration of drivers and metrics of change, barriers to implementation of changes, and examples of innovation in the classroom.

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168

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309295890

ISBN 13

9780309295895

Strengthening High School Chemistry Education Through Teacher Outreach Programs

A Workshop Summary to the Chemical Sciences Roundtable

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Chemical Sciences Roundtable

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Strengthening High School Chemistry Education Through Teacher Outreach Programs

A Workshop Summary to the Chemical Sciences Roundtable

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Chemical Sciences Roundtable

A strong chemical workforce in the United States will be essential to the ability to address many issues of societal concern in the future, including demand for renewable energy, more advanced materials, and more sophisticated pharmaceuticals. High school chemistry teachers have a critical role to play in engaging and supporting the chemical workforce of the future, but they must be sufficiently knowledgeable and skilled to produce the levels of scientific literacy that students need to succeed. To identify key leverage points for improving high school chemistry education, the National Academies' Chemical Sciences Roundtable held a public workshop, summarized in this volume, that brought together representatives from government, industry, academia, scientific societies, and foundations involved in outreach programs for high school chemistry teachers. Presentations at the workshop, which was held in August 2008, addressed the current status of high school chemistry education; provided examples of public and private outreach programs for high school chemistry teachers; and explored ways to evaluate the success of these outreach programs.

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ISBN 10

0309128595

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9780309128599

Promising Practices in Undergraduate Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Education

Summary of Two Workshops

By: National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Science Education,Planning Committee on Evidence on Selected Innovations in Undergraduate STEM Education

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Promising Practices in Undergraduate Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Education

Summary of Two Workshops

Numerous teaching, learning, assessment, and institutional innovations in undergraduate science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education have emerged in the past decade. Because virtually all of these innovations have been developed independently of one another, their goals and purposes vary widely. Some focus on making science accessible and meaningful to the vast majority of students who will not pursue STEM majors or careers; others aim to increase the diversity of students who enroll and succeed in STEM courses and programs; still other efforts focus on reforming the overall curriculum in specific disciplines. In addition to this variation in focus, these innovations have been implemented at scales that range from individual classrooms to entire departments or institutions. By 2008, partly because of this wide variability, it was apparent that little was known about the feasibility of replicating individual innovations or about their potential for broader impact beyond the specific contexts in which they were created. The research base on innovations in undergraduate STEM education was expanding rapidly, but the process of synthesizing that knowledge base had not yet begun. If future investments were to be informed by the past, then the field clearly needed a retrospective look at the ways in which earlier innovations had influenced undergraduate STEM education. To address this need, the National Research Council (NRC) convened two public workshops to examine the impact and effectiveness of selected STEM undergraduate education innovations. This volume summarizes the workshops, which addressed such topics as the link between learning goals and evidence; promising practices at the individual faculty and institutional levels; classroom-based promising practices; and professional development for graduate students, new faculty, and veteran faculty. The workshops concluded with a broader examination of the barriers and opportunities associated with systemic change.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309212944

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9780309212946

Chemistry in Primetime and Online

Communicating Chemistry in Informal Environments: Workshop Summary

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Chemical Sciences Roundtable

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Chemistry in Primetime and Online

Communicating Chemistry in Informal Environments: Workshop Summary

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Chemical Sciences Roundtable

It is critical that we increase public knowledge and understanding of science and technology issues through formal and informal learning for the United States to maintain its competitive edge in today's global economy. Since most Americans learn about science outside of school, we must take advantage of opportunities to present chemistry content on television, the Internet, in museums, and in other informal educational settings. In May 2010, the National Academies' Chemical Sciences Roundtable held a workshop to examine how the public obtains scientific information informally and to discuss methods that chemists can use to improve and expand efforts to reach a general, nontechnical audience. Workshop participants included chemical practitioners (e.g., graduate students, postdocs, professors, administrators); experts on informal learning; public and private funding organizations; science writers, bloggers, publishers, and university communications officers; and television and Internet content producers. Chemistry in Primetime and Online is a factual summary of what occurred in that workshop. Chemistry in Primetime and Online examines science content, especially chemistry, in various informal educational settings. It explores means of measuring recognition and retention of the information presented in various media formats and settings. Although the report does not provide any conclusions or recommendations about needs and future directions, it does discuss the need for chemists to connect more with professional writers, artists, or videographers, who know how to communicate with and interest general audiences. It also emphasizes the importance of formal education in setting the stage for informal interactions with chemistry and chemists.

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102

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309187702

ISBN 13

9780309187701

An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Measurement and Standards Laboratories

Fiscal Years 2004-2005

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Assessment of NIST Programs

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An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Measurement and Standards Laboratories

Fiscal Years 2004-2005

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Assessment of NIST Programs

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Measurements and Standards Laboratories (MSL) provide technical leadership for the nation's measurement and standards infrastructure and assure the availability of essential reference data and measurement capabilities. At NIST's request the National Research Council (NRC) carries out a biennial assessment of the seven MSL. The assessment focuses on each laboratory's technical quality and merit; and effectiveness. It also examines the relevance of the NIST programs and how well laboratory facilities, equipment, and personnel are able to fulfill the MSL mission. This report presents an overall assessment of the MSL followed by detailed assessments of each of the seven laboratories.

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134

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309100364

ISBN 13

9780309100366

Research Progress on Environmental, Health, and Safety Aspects of Engineered Nanomaterials

By: Committee to Develop a Research Strategy for Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,National Materials and Manufacturing Board,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Research Council

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Research Progress on Environmental, Health, and Safety Aspects of Engineered Nanomaterials

Despite the increase in funding for research and the rising numbers of peer-reviewed publications over the past decade that address the environmental, health, and safety aspects of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), uncertainty about the implications of potential exposures of consumers, workers, and ecosystems to these materials persists. Consumers and workers want to know which of these materials they are exposed to and whether the materials can harm them. Industry is concerned about being able to predict with sufficient certainty whether products that it makes and markets will pose any environmental, health or safety issues and what measures should be taken regarding manufacturing practices and worldwide distribution to minimize any potential risk. However, there remains a disconnect between the research that is being carried out and its relevance to and use by decision-makers and regulators to make informed public health and environmental policy and regulatory decisions. Research Progress on Environmental, Health, and Safety Aspects of Nanomaterials evaluates research progress and updates research priorities and resource estimates on the basis of results of studies and emerging trends in the nanotechnology industry. This report follows up the 2012 report A Research Strategy for Environmental, Health, and Safety Aspects of Engineered Nanomaterials, which presented a strategic approach for developing the science and research infrastructure needed to address uncertainties regarding the potential environmental, health, and safety risks posed by ENMs. This new report looks at the state of nanotechnology research, examines market and regulatory conditions and their affect on research priorities, and considers the criteria for evaluating research progress on the environmental, health, and safety aspects of nanotechnology.

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163

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309291879

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9780309291873

Life Sciences and Related Fields

Trends Relevant to the Biological Weapons Convention

By: International Union of Microbiological Societies,International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,IAPâ¬"The Global Network of Science Academies,Chinese Academy of Sciences,National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Committee on Trends in Science and Technology Relevant to the Biological Weapons Convention: An International Workshop

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Life Sciences and Related Fields

Trends Relevant to the Biological Weapons Convention

During the last decade, national and international scientific organizations have become increasingly engaged in considering how to respond to the biosecurity implications of developments in the life sciences and in assessing trends in science and technology (S&T) relevant to biological and chemical weapons nonproliferation. The latest example is an international workshop, Trends in Science and Technology Relevant to the Biological Weapons Convention, held October 31 - November 3, 2010 at the Institute of Biophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. Life Sciences and Related Fields summarizes the workshop, plenary, and breakout discussion sessions held during this convention. Given the immense diversity of current research and development, the report is only able to provide an overview of the areas of science and technology the committee believes are potentially relevant to the future of the Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention (BWC), although there is an effort to identify areas that seemed particularly ripe for further exploration and analysis. The report offers findings and conclusions organized around three fundamental and frequently cited trends in S&T that affect the scope and operation of the convention: The rapid pace of change in the life sciences and related fields; The increasing diffusion of life sciences research capacity and its applications, both internationally and beyond traditional research institutions; and The extent to which additional scientific and technical disciplines beyond biology are increasingly involved in life sciences research. The report does not make recommendations about policy options to respond to the implications of the identified trends. The choice of such responses rests with the 164 States Parties to the Convention, who must take into account multiple factors beyond the project's focus on the state of the science.

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164

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Published Date

ISBN 10

0309210747

ISBN 13

9780309210744

Preparing for Future Products of Biotechnology

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Board on Life Sciences,Committee on Future Biotechnology Products and Opportunities to Enhance Capabilities of the Biotechnology Regulatory System

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Preparing for Future Products of Biotechnology

Between 1973 and 2016, the ways to manipulate DNA to endow new characteristics in an organism (that is, biotechnology) have advanced, enabling the development of products that were not previously possible. What will the likely future products of biotechnology be over the next 5â€"10 years? What scientific capabilities, tools, and/or expertise may be needed by the regulatory agencies to ensure they make efficient and sound evaluations of the likely future products of biotechnology? Preparing for Future Products of Biotechnology analyzes the future landscape of biotechnology products and seeks to inform forthcoming policy making. This report identifies potential new risks and frameworks for risk assessment and areas in which the risks or lack of risks relating to the products of biotechnology are well understood.

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231

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309452058

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9780309452052

Information and Communications

Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Committee on Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century,Organizing Committee for the Workshop on Information and Communications

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Information and Communications

Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century

Since publication of the National Research Council (NRC) reports on chemistry in 1985 and chemical engineering in 1988,1,2 dramatic advances in information technology (IT) have totally changed these communities. During this period, the chemical enterprise and information technology have enjoyed both a remarkably productive and mutually supportive set of advances. These synergies sparked unprecedented growth in the capability and productivity of both fields including the definition of entirely new areas of the chemical enterprise. The chemical enterprise provided information technology with device fabrication processes, new materials, data, models, methods, and (most importantly) people. In turn, information technology provided chemical science and technology with truly remarkable and revolutionary resources for computations, communications, and data management. Indeed, computation has become the strong third component of the chemical science research and development effort, joining experiment and theory. Sustained mutual growth and interdependence of the chemical and information communities should take account of several unique aspects of the chemical sciences. These include extensive and complex databases that characterize the chemical disciplines; the importance of multiscale simulations that range from molecules to technological processes; the global economic impact of the chemical industry; and the industry's major influence on the nation's health, environment, security, and economic well-being. In planning the future of the chemical sciences and technology, it is crucial to recognize the benefits already derived from advances in information technology as well as to point the way to future benefits that will be derived.

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208

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030908721X

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9780309087216

Review of the Scientific Approaches Used During the FBI's Investigation of the 2001 Anthrax Letters

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Science, Technology, and Law,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Committee on Review of the Scientific Approaches Used During the FBI's Investigation of the 2001 Bacillus anthracis Mailings

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Review of the Scientific Approaches Used During the FBI's Investigation of the 2001 Anthrax Letters

Less than a month after the September 11, 2001 attacks, letters containing spores of anthrax bacteria (Bacillus anthracis, or B. anthracis) were sent through the U.S. mail. Between October 4 and November 20, 2001, 22 individuals developed anthrax; 5 of the cases were fatal. During its investigation of the anthrax mailings, the FBI worked with other federal agencies to coordinate and conduct scientific analyses of the anthrax letter spore powders, environmental samples, clinical samples, and samples collected from laboratories that might have been the source of the letter-associated spores. The agency relied on external experts, including some who had developed tests to differentiate among strains of B. anthracis. In 2008, seven years into the investigation, the FBI asked the National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to conduct an independent review of the scientific approaches used during the investigation of the 2001 B. anthracis mailings. Review of the Scientific Approaches Used During the FBI's Investigation of the Anthrax Letters evaluates the scientific foundation for the techniques used by the FBI to determine whether these techniques met appropriate standards for scientific reliability and for use in forensic validation, and whether the FBI reached appropriate scientific conclusions from its use of these techniques. This report reviews and assesses scientific evidence considered in connection with the 2001 Bacillus anthracis mailings.

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191

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309187192

ISBN 13

9780309187190

Mesoscale Chemistry

A Workshop Summary

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Chemical Sciences Roundtable

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Mesoscale Chemistry

A Workshop Summary

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Chemical Sciences Roundtable

In the last few decades great strides have been made in chemistry at the nanoscale, where the atomic granularity of matter and the exact positions of individual atoms are key determinants of structure and dynamics. Less attention, however, has been paid to the mesoscale-it is at this scale, in the range extending from large molecules (10 nm) through viruses to eukaryotic cells (10 microns), where interesting ensemble effects and the functionality that is critical to macroscopic phenomenon begins to manifest itself and cannot be described by laws on the scale of atoms and molecules alone. To further explore how knowledge about mesoscale phenomena can impact chemical research and development activities and vice versa, the Chemical Sciences Roundtable of the National Research Council convened a workshop on mesoscale chemistry in November 2014. With a focus on the research on chemical phenomena at the mesoscale, participants examined the opportunities that utilizing those behaviors can have for developing new catalysts, adding new functionality to materials, and increasing our understanding of biological and interfacial systems. The workshop also highlighted some of the challenges for analysis and description of mesoscale structures. This report summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.

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229

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030937331X

ISBN 13

9780309373319

Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration

A Research Agenda

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Ocean Studies Board,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Board on Energy and Environmental Systems,Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate,Committee on Developing a Research Agenda for Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration

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Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration

A Research Agenda

To achieve goals for climate and economic growth, "negative emissions technologies" (NETs) that remove and sequester carbon dioxide from the air will need to play a significant role in mitigating climate change. Unlike carbon capture and storage technologies that remove carbon dioxide emissions directly from large point sources such as coal power plants, NETs remove carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere or enhance natural carbon sinks. Storing the carbon dioxide from NETs has the same impact on the atmosphere and climate as simultaneously preventing an equal amount of carbon dioxide from being emitted. Recent analyses found that deploying NETs may be less expensive and less disruptive than reducing some emissions, such as a substantial portion of agricultural and land-use emissions and some transportation emissions. In 2015, the National Academies published Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration, which described and initially assessed NETs and sequestration technologies. This report acknowledged the relative paucity of research on NETs and recommended development of a research agenda that covers all aspects of NETs from fundamental science to full-scale deployment. To address this need, Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda assesses the benefits, risks, and "sustainable scale potential" for NETs and sequestration. This report also defines the essential components of a research and development program, including its estimated costs and potential impact.

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511

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309484529

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9780309484527

An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Material Measurement Laboratory

Fiscal Year 2017

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Laboratory Assessments Board,Committee on NIST Technical Programs,Panel on Review of the Material Measurement Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology

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An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Material Measurement Laboratory

Fiscal Year 2017

An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Material Measurement Laboratory: Fiscal Year 2017 assesses the scientific and technical work performed by the National Institute of Standards (NIST). This publication reviews technical reports and technical program descriptions prepared by NIST staff summarizes the findings of the authoring panel.

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105

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309469473

ISBN 13

9780309469470

Transforming Glycoscience

A Roadmap for the Future

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Committee on Assessing the Importance and Impact of Glycomics and Glycosciences

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Transforming Glycoscience

A Roadmap for the Future

A new focus on glycoscience, a field that explores the structures and functions of sugars, promises great advances in areas as diverse as medicine, energy generation, and materials science, this report finds. Glycans-also known as carbohydrates, saccharides, or simply as sugars-play central roles in many biological processes and have properties useful in an array of applications. However, glycans have received little attention from the research community due to a lack of tools to probe their often complex structures and properties. Transforming Glycoscience: A Roadmap for the Future presents a roadmap for transforming glycoscience from a field dominated by specialists to a widely studied and integrated discipline, which could lead to a more complete understanding of glycans and help solve key challenges in diverse fields.

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171

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309260833

ISBN 13

9780309260831

A Research Strategy for Environmental, Health, and Safety Aspects of Engineered Nanomaterials

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Materials and Manufacturing Board,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee to Develop a Research Strategy for Environmental, Health, and Safety Aspects of Engineered Nanomaterials

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A Research Strategy for Environmental, Health, and Safety Aspects of Engineered Nanomaterials

The nanotechnology sector, which generated about $225 billion in product sales in 2009, is predicted to expand rapidly over the next decade with the development of new technologies that have new capabilities. The increasing production and use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) may lead to greater exposures of workers, consumers, and the environment, and the unique scale-specific and novel properties of the materials raise questions about their potential effects on human health and the environment. Over the last decade, government agencies, academic institutions, industry, and others have conducted many assessments of the environmental, health, and safety (EHS) aspects of nanotechnology. The results of those efforts have helped to direct research on the EHS aspects of ENMs. However, despite the progress in assessing research needs and despite the research that has been funded and conducted, developers, regulators, and consumers of nanotechnology-enabled products remain uncertain about the types and quantities of nanomaterials in commerce or in development, their possible applications, and their associated risks. A Research Strategy for Environmental, Health, and Safety Aspects of Engineered Nanomaterials presents a strategic approach for developing the science and research infrastructure needed to address uncertainties regarding the potential EHS risks of ENMs. The report summarizes the current state of the science and high-priority data gaps on the potential EHS risks posed by ENMs and describes the fundamental tools and approaches needed to pursue an EHS risk research strategy. The report also presents a proposed research agenda, short-term and long-term research priorities, and estimates of needed resources and concludes by focusing on implementation of the research strategy and evaluation of its progress, elements that the committee considered integral to its charge.

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230

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309253284

ISBN 13

9780309253284

Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Trade

Into the 21st Century

By: National Research Council,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,International Standards, Conformity Assessment, and U.S. Trade Policy Project Committee

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Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Trade

Into the 21st Century

By: National Research Council,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,International Standards, Conformity Assessment, and U.S. Trade Policy Project Committee

Mandated standards used for vehicle airbags, International Organization for Standards (ISO) standards adopted for photographic film, de facto standards for computer softwareâ€"however they arise, standards play a fundamental role in the global marketplace. Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Trade provides a comprehensive, up-to-date analysis of the link between standards, product testing and certification, and U.S. economic performance. The book includes recommendations for streamlining standards development, increasing the efficiency of product testing and certification, and promoting the success of U.S. exports in world markets. The volume offers a critical examination of organizations involved in standards and identifies the urgent improvements needed in the U.S. system for conformity assessment, in which adherence to standards is assessed and certified. Among other key issues, the book explores the role of government regulation, laboratory accreditation, and the overlapping of multiple quality standards in product development and manufacturing. In one of the first treatments of this subject, Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Trade offers a unique and highly valuable analysis of the impact of standards and conformity assessment on global trade.

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253

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030905236X

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9780309052368

Flexible Electronics for Security, Manufacturing, and Growth in the United States

Summary of a Symposium

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,Committee on Best Practice in National Innovation Programs for Flexible Electronics

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Flexible Electronics for Security, Manufacturing, and Growth in the United States

Summary of a Symposium

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,Committee on Best Practice in National Innovation Programs for Flexible Electronics

Flexible Electronics for Security, Manufacturing, and Growth in the United States is the summary of a workshop convened in September 2010 by Policy and Global Affairs' Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy to review challenges, plans, and opportunities for growing a robust flexible electronics industry in the United States. Business leaders, academic experts, and senior government officials met to review the role of research consortia around the world to advance flexible electronics technology. Presenters and participants sought to understand their structure, focus, funding, and likely impact, and to determine what appropriate steps the United States might consider to develop a robust flexible electronics industry. Flexible electronics refers to technologies that enable flexibility in the manufacturing process as well as flexibility as a characteristic of the final product. Features such as unconventional forms and ease of manufacturability provide important advantages for flexible electronics over conventional electronics built on rigid substrates. Today, examples of flexible electronics technologies are found in flexible flat-panel displays, medical image sensors, photovoltaic sheets, and electronic paper. Some industry experts predict that the market for global flexible electronics will experience a double digit growth rate, reaching $250 billion by 2025, but most experts believe that the United States is not currently poised to capitalize on this opportunity. Flexible Electronics for Security, Manufacturing, and Growth in the United States examines and compares selected innovation programs, both foreign and domestic, and their potential to advance the production of flexible electronics technology.

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150

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309285046

ISBN 13

9780309285049

Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Energy and Environmental Systems,Committee on Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels

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Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Energy and Environmental Systems,Committee on Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels

For a century, almost all light-duty vehicles (LDVs) have been powered by internal combustion engines operating on petroleum fuels. Energy security concerns about petroleum imports and the effect of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on global climate are driving interest in alternatives. Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels assesses the potential for reducing petroleum consumption and GHG emissions by 80 percent across the U.S. LDV fleet by 2050, relative to 2005. This report examines the current capability and estimated future performance and costs for each vehicle type and non-petroleum-based fuel technology as options that could significantly contribute to these goals. By analyzing scenarios that combine various fuel and vehicle pathways, the report also identifies barriers to implementation of these technologies and suggests policies to achieve the desired reductions. Several scenarios are promising, but strong, and effective policies such as research and development, subsidies, energy taxes, or regulations will be necessary to overcome barriers, such as cost and consumer choice.

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395

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309268524

ISBN 13

9780309268523

Determining Core Capabilities in Chemical and Biological Defense Science and Technology

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Committee on Determining Core Capabilities in Chemical and Biological Defense Research and Development

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Determining Core Capabilities in Chemical and Biological Defense Science and Technology

The goal of the U.S. Department of Defense's (DoD's) Chemical and Biological Defense Program (CBDP) is to provide support and world-class capabilities enabling he U.S. Armed Forces to fight and win decisively in chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) environments. To accomplish this objective, the CBDP must maintain robust science and technology capabilities to support the research, development, testing, and evaluation required for the creation and validation of the products the program supplies. The threat from chemical and biological attack evolves due to the changing nature of conflict and rapid advances in science and technology (S&T), so the core S&T capabilities that must be maintained by the CBDP must also continue to evolve. In order to address the challenges facing the DoD, the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (DASD) for Chemical and Biological Defense (CBD) asked the National Research Council (NRC) to conduct a study to identify the core capabilities in S&T that must be supported by the program. The NRC Committee on Determining Core Capabilities in Chemical and Biological Defense Research and Development examined the capabilities necessary for the chemical and biological defense S&T program in the context of the threat and of the program's stated mission and priorities. Determining Core Capabilities in Chemical and Biological Defense Science and Technology contains the committee's findings and recommendations. It is intended to assist the DASD CBD in determining the best strategy for acquiring, developing, and/or maintaining the needed capabilities.

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141

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309265355

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9780309265355

An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory

Fiscal Year 2009

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Laboratory Assessments Board,Panel on Chemical Science and Technology

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An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory

Fiscal Year 2009

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Laboratory Assessments Board,Panel on Chemical Science and Technology

An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory examines the operations of the Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory (CSTL) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). This book assesses the CSTL, based on the following criteria: (1) the technical merit of the current laboratory programs relative to current state-of-the-art programs worldwide; (2) the adequacy of the laboratory budget, facilities, equipment, and human resources, as they affect the quality of the laboratory's technical programs; and (3) the degree to which laboratory programs in measurement science and standards achieve their stated objectives and desired impact.

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309145090

ISBN 13

9780309145091

An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Material Measurement Laboratory

Fiscal Year 2014

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Laboratory Assessments Board,Panel on Review of the Material Measurement Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology

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An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Material Measurement Laboratory

Fiscal Year 2014

The National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST's) Material Measurement Laboratory (MML) is our nation's reference laboratory for measurements in the chemical, biological, and materials sciences and engineering. Staff of the MML develop state-of-the-art measurement techniques and conduct fundamental research related to measuring the composition, structure, and properties of substances. Tools that include reference materials, data, and measurement services are developed to support industries that range from transportation to biotechnology and to address problems such as climate change, environmental sciences, renewable energy, health care, infrastructure, food safety and nutrition, and forensics. This report assesses the scientific and technical work performed by NIST's Material Measurement Laboratory. In particular, the report assesses the organization's technical programs, the portfolio of scientific expertise within the organization, the adequacy of the organization\'s facilities, equipment, and human resources, and the effectiveness by which the organization disseminates its program outputs.

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206

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309367433

ISBN 13

9780309367431

Materials Science and Technology

Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century

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Materials Science and Technology

Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century

The report assesses the current state of chemistry and chemical engineering at the interface with materials science and identifies challenges for research. Recent advances are blurring the distinction between chemistry and materials science and are enabling the creation of new materials that, to date, have only been predicted by theory. These advances include a greater ability to construct materials from molecular components, to design materials for a desired function, to understand molecular "self-assembly, and to improve processes by which the material is "engineered" into the final product.

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309085128

ISBN 13

9780309085120

U.S. Industry in 2000

Studies in Competitive Performance

By: National Research Council,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy

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U.S. Industry in 2000

Studies in Competitive Performance

By: National Research Council,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy

U.S. industry faced a gloomy outlook in the late 1980s. Then, industrial performance improved dramatically through the 1990s and appears pervasively brighter today. A look at any group of industries, however, reveals important differences in the factors behind the resurgenceâ€"in industry structure and strategy, research performance, and location of activitiesâ€"as well as similarities in the national policy environment, impact of information technology, and other factors. U.S. Industry in 2000 examines eleven key manufacturing and service industries and explores how they arrived at the present and what they face in the future. It assesses changing practices in research and innovation, technology adoption, and international operations. Industry analyses shed light on how science and technology are applied in the marketplace, how workers fare as jobs require greater knowledge, and how U.S. firms responded to their chief competitors in Europe and Asia. The book will be important to a wide range of readers with a stake in U.S. industrial performance: corporate executives, investors, labor representatives, faculty and students in business and economics, and public policymakers.

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438

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309061792

ISBN 13

9780309061797

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