This is the eBook version of the printed book. Leading companies around the world, including Toyota and General Electric, have practiced Quality Function Deployment (QFD) for decades. Developed in Japan by Dr. Yoji Akao and Dr. Shigeru Mizuno, QFD has two aims: to ensure that true customer needs are properly deployed throughout all phases of the development process, and to improve the development process itself. The application of QFD to software (Software QFD) began in Japan in 1982, in North America in 1988, and in Europe in 1990. Today many leading software organizations around the world use Software QFD and it is an essential part of organization-wide quality approaches such as Total Quality Management (TQM) and Design for Six Sigma (DFSS). As a quality system, QFD employs, but is not limited to, the Seven Management and Planning (7 MP) Tools, introduced in Chapter 7 of the book Design for Trustworthy Software. It has deployments, or subsystems, to address customer concerns such as quality, technology, cost/schedule, and reliability/risk, among others. Although QFD is known for the "House of Quality" matrix, organizations that simply use this matrix alone neither meet the aims of QFD nor are considered to be "doing QFD" by leading QFD experts. Further, because of unfortunate historical errors in understanding, many published QFD examples are incorrect and are not suitable as models for software development. Such mistakes are corrected in the overview of Blitz QFD presented in this short cut. This short cut is a reproduction of Chapter 11 of the book Design for Trustworthy Software and introduces Software QFD as a part of trustworthy software development process. It can be used either as an important methodology in software design process or as a standalone presentation on QFD for software development process. This short cut should be of interest to software and quality professionals. In particular, it would be of value to the CMMI, Six Sigma, and DFSS communities worldwide, especially those who have acquired or plan to acquire Green Belt, Black Belt, Master Black Belt, or similar competencies in various quality management disciplines. It should also be useful resource for students and academics of various programs at senior undergraduate and graduate levels, and for those preparing for ASQ's Certified Software Quality Engineer (CSQE) examination. What This Short Cut Covers 3 QFD: Origin and Introduction 4 Problems with Traditional QFD Applied to Software 20 Modern QFD for Software 25 The Blitz QFD Process 28 Implementing Software QFD 45 Conclusion 50 Key Points 52 Additional Resources 54 Internet Exercises 54 Review Questions 56 Discussion Questions 57 Endnotes 58 What's in the Book Design for Trustworthy Software 64 About the Authors 69 The Design for Trustworthy Software Digital Short Cut Compilation 70
ASQ 2007 CROSBY MEDAL WINNER! An Integrated Technology for Delivering Better Software—Cheaper and Faster! This book presents an integrated technology, Design for Trustworthy Software (DFTS), to address software quality issues upstream such that the goal of software quality becomes that of preventing bugs in implementation rather than finding and eliminating them during and after implementation. The thrust of the technology is that major quality deployments take place before a single line of code is written! This customer-oriented integrated technology can help deliver breakthrough results in cost, quality, and delivery schedule thus meeting and exceeding customer expectations. The authors describe the principles behind the technology as well as their applications to actual software design problems. They present illustrative case studies covering various aspects of DFTS technology including CoSQ, AHP, TRIZ, FMEA, QFD, and Taguchi Methods and provide ample questions and exercises to test the readers understanding of the material in addition to detailed examples of the applications of the technology. The book can be used to impart organization-wide learning including training for DFTS Black Belts and Master Black Belts. It helps you gain rapid mastery, so you can deploy DFTS Technology quickly and successfully. Learn how to • Plan, build, maintain, and improve your trustworthy software development system • Adapt best practices of quality, leadership, learning, and management for the unique software development milieu • Listen to the customer’s voice, then guide user expectations to realizable, reliable software products • Refocus on customer-centered issues such as reliability, dependability, availability, and upgradeability • Encourage greater design creativity and innovation • Validate, verify, test, evaluate, integrate, and maintain software for trustworthiness • Analyze the financial impact of software quality • Prepare your leadership and infrastructure for DFTS Design for Trustworthy Software will help you improve quality whether you develop in-house, outsource, consult, or provide support. It offers breakthrough solutions for the entire spectrum of software and quality professionals—from developers to project leaders, chief software architects to customers. The American Society for Quality (ASQ) is the world's leading authority on quality which provides a community that advances learning, quality improvement, and knowledge exchange to improve business results, and to create better workplaces and communities worldwide. The Crosby Medal is presented to the individual who has authored a distinguished book contributing significantly to the extension of the philosophy and application of the principles, methods, or techniques of quality management. Bijay K. Jayaswal, CEO of Agilenty Consulting Group, has held senior executive positions and consulted on quality and strategy for 25 years. His expertise includes value engineering, process improvement, and product development. He has directed MBA and Advanced Management programs, and helped to introduce enterprise-wide reengineering and Six Sigma initiatives. Dr. Peter C. Patton, Chairman of Agilenty Consulting Group, is Professor of Quantitative Methods and Computer Science at the University of St. Thomas. He served as CIO of the University of Pennsylvania and CTO at Lawson Software, and has been involved with software development since 1955.
This is the eBook version of the printed book. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is an advanced technique that supports decision makers in structuring complex decisions, quantifying intangible factors, and evaluating choices in multiobjective decision situations. It is a comprehensive and rational decision-making framework that provides a powerful methodology for determining relative worth among a set of elements. AHP is especially suitable for complex decisions that involve the comparison of decision elements which are difficult to quantify. The AHP, and its more recent version the Analytic Network Process (ANP), were developed by Dr. Thomas Saaty and have been applied in a wide variety of decision situations in organizations worldwide. AHP is particularly applicable in managing software complexity, and in Quality Function Deployment (QFD), as presented in Chapter 11 of the book Design for Trustworthy Software. This short cut illustrates the application of AHP in prioritizing complex design issues. It also shows how AHP and its supporting software, Expert Choice (EC), can handle much higher levels of complexities accurately and expeditiously than the prioritization matrices introduced in Chapter 7 of Design for Trustworthy Software. In addition to solutions facilitated by EC, this short cut also illustrates two known approximations to AHP solutions using manual calculations. Manual calculations can be used to solve relatively less complex problems. They are presented in this short cut to illustrate the first principles and the steps involved in AHP. This short cut is a reproduction of Chapter 8 of the book Design for Trustworthy Software and introduces AHP with a simple example. It can be used either as a methodology in trustworthy software design process or as a standalone introductory presentation on AHP. This short cut should be of interest to software and quality professionals. In particular, it would be of value to the CMMI, Six Sigma, and DFSS communities worldwide, especially those who have acquired or plan to acquire Green Belt, Black Belt, Master Black Belt, or similar competencies in various quality management disciplines. It should also be a useful resource for students and academicians of various programs at senior undergraduate and graduate levels, and for those preparing for ASQ's Certified Software Quality Engineer (CSQE) examination. What This Short Cut Covers 3 Introduction 4 Prioritization, Complexity, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process 4 Multiobjective Decision-Making and AHP 5 Case Study 1 Solution Using Expert Choice 12 Approximations to AHP with Manual Calculations 22 Conclusion 33 Key Points 33 Additional Resources 34 Internet Exercises 34 Review Questions 34 Discussion Questions and Projects 35 Problems 36 Endnotes 45 What's in the Book Design for Trustworthy Software 47 About the Authors 52 The Design for Trustworthy Software Digital Short Cut Compilation 53
This is the eBook version of the printed book. The software industry stands on the brink of an era of dramatic change. We expect the industry to continue the restructuring process already begun, emerging as a much smaller number of horizontally structured firms mostly doing business with each other. As software becomes highly "componentized," the industry will begin to resemble the automotive industry, with many small firms making parts, but only a few large ones assembling them into finished products. Software automation in the form of application generation technology will become the norm as system analysts and other domain specialists become the new application programmers, writing in specification languages. Meanwhile, the more talented of today's application programmers will become system programmers, writing the meta-compilers that will transform specification language codes into Java and C application programs. It is still true that new technologies do not replace old technologies, at least not at first; in their infancy, they merely supplement them. Chapters 16, 17, 18 and 19 of the book Design for Trustworthy Software address the transition period during which robust, trustworthy software is still created by current technology and processes as the new technology and its streamlined processes emerge. This short cut is a reproduction of Chapter 17 of Design for Trustworthy Software. It illustrates how Taguchi's quality loss function provides a measure of the overall loss to society when a product fails to meet its target functionality and reliability. It describes howsignal-to-noise ratio measures the positive quality contribution from controllable or design factors versus the negative quality contribution from uncontrollable or noise factors. It presents Taguchi Methods involving seven steps, beginning with a clear statement of thedesign problem and ending with a confirming statisticalexperiment showing how parameter choices will enhance robustness. An example from electrical circuit design is presented, because it is much more similar to software design than mechanical design, where Taguchi Methods have found their largest applications. A more detailed example from software design or product improvement builds on the previous example. Lastly, this short cut describes Taguchi's development and application of an earlier technique involving Latin squares or orthogonal matrices to allow the evaluation on multiple parameters simultaneously. It illustrates how his use of orthogonal matrices permits a multifactorial analysis that is far more efficient than a conventional "bottleneck" analysis, and how it allows the study of factor interactions. This short cut can be used either as an important methodology of trustworthy software design process or as a standalone presentation of Taguchi Methods in software development context. This short cut should be of interest to software and quality professionals. In particular, it should be of value to the CMMI, Six Sigma, and DFSS communities worldwide, especially for those who have acquired or plan to acquire Green Belt, Black Belt, Master Black Belt, or similar competencies in various quality management disciplines. It should also be useful resource for students and academics of various programs at senior undergraduate and graduate levels, and for those preparing for American Society for Quality's (ASQ) Certified Software Quality Engineer (CSQE) examination. What This Short Cut Covers 3 Introduction 4 Taguchi Methods for Robust Software Design 5 An Example from Engineering Design 9 An Example from Software Design and Development 12 Orthogonal Matrices for Taguchi Parameter Design Experiments 16 Applications to the Design of Trustworthy Software 19 Key Points 19 Additional Resources 20 Exercises 20 Endnotes 21 What's in the Book Design for Trustworthy Software 23 About the Authors 28 The Design for Trustworthy Software Digital Short Cut Compilation 29
This is the eBook version of the printed book. This short cut is a reproduction of Chapter 21 of the book Design for Trustworthy Software (DFTS) and is a sequel to Chapters 2, 5, and 20. The Plan, Implement, Control, and Secure (PICS) implementation framework is revisited and its four phases are examined in turn. Building organization-wide competencies to launch and sustain a DFTS initiative is emphasized. The short cut begins with a review of various planning activities and a summary of deliverables. This is followed by a detailed presentation of the two implementation steps that deal with establishing overall learning objectives, designing and customizing learning curricula, providing training for support personnel and Black Belts and Master Black Belts, and the ensuing application of such learning to an actual software development project. Next is a discussion of monitoring and control mechanisms including self-appraisal, successive appraisal, and review of work carried out to date with the customers. This is followed by a discussion of Simon's Levers of Control, namely, belief systems, boundary systems, diagnostic control systems, and interactive control systems, and of important issues related to internal control systems to ensure integrity of data used in strategic control systems. Finally, operational controls involving feedback control systems and project management is presented. A case study of GE's Operating System is introduced as a vehicle to launch a new initiative and enrich it through several yearly cycles. Another case study presents Tata Consultancy Services' quality initiatives and their integration. A brief discussion of application in small software firms and e-cottages is provided. The chapter ends with a brief discussion of the future course of a DFTS initiative. This short cut can be used either as a methodology in deploying the DFTS initiative or as a standalone presentation on launching major organizational initiatives. This short cut should be of interest to software and quality professionals. In particular, it should be of value to the CMMI, Six Sigma, and DFSS communities worldwide, especially those who have acquired or plan to acquire Green Belt, Black Belt, Master Black Belt, or similar competencies in various quality management disciplines. It should also be useful resource for students and academic of various programs at senior undergraduate and graduate levels, and for those preparing for American Society for Quality's (ASQ) Certified Software Quality Engineer (CSQE) examination. What This Short Cut Covers 3 Introduction 4 DFTS and the PICS Framework 5 Plan 6 Implement 7 Control 16 Secure 27 Application in Small Software Firms and e-Cottages 36 What's Next? 37 Key Points 37 Additional Resources 40 Internet Exercises 40 Review Questions 41 Discussion Questions 41 Endnotes 42 What's in the Book Design for Trustworthy Software 44 About the Authors 49 The Design for Trustworthy Software Digital Short Cut Compilation 50
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