A stunningly novel account of why populism and fascism are on the rise in the early 21st century. There is no question that we live in paradoxical times. In the most technologically advanced societies, wild conspiracy theories and a broad distrust of science and expertise have created deep political divisions that are splitting nations in two. In Defensive Nationalism, Beth S. Rabinowitz looks at the rise of nativism and populism today by using the works of two great theoreticians: Karl Polanyi and Joseph Schumpeter. Drawing from both theory and history, she combines Polanyi's concept of the "double movement" away from markets and toward social protection with Schumpeter's theory of innovation. Rabinowitz argues that the rapid transformation of transportation and communications during the Industrial Revolution and the Digital Revolution created economic interdependence and capital flows that induced liberal social, economic, and political changes. In response, separate populist movements, stemming from particular national histories and struggles, arose concurrently. Rabinowitz calls these illiberal responses "defensive nationalism" and reframes nationalism as a three-part process: creative, consolidating, and defensive. Constructing new parameters through which we can study these socio-political patterns across time and space, this book weaves together a fascinating narrative that spans two centuries.
State development in Africa is risky, even life-threatening. Heads of state must weigh the advantage of promoting political and economic development against the risk of fortifying dangerous political rivals. This book takes a novel approach to the study of neopatrimonial rule by placing security concerns at the center of state-building. Using quantitative evidence from 44 African countries and in-depth case studies of Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire, Rabinowitz demonstrates that the insecurities of the African state make strategically aligning with rural leaders critical to political success. Leaders who cultivate the goodwill of the countryside are better able to endure sporadic urban unrest, subdue political challengers, minimize ethnic and regional discord, and prevent a military uprising. Such regimes are more likely to build infrastructure needed for economic and political development. In so doing, Rabinowitz upends the long-held assumption that African leaders must cater to urban constituents to secure their rule.
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