In the newest edition, the reader will learn the basics of transformer design, starting from fundamental principles and ending with advanced model simulations. The electrical, mechanical, and thermal considerations that go into the design of a transformer are discussed with useful design formulas, which are used to ensure that the transformer will operate without overheating and survive various stressful events, such as a lightning strike or a short circuit event. This new edition includes a section on how to correct the linear impedance boundary method for non-linear materials and a simpler method to calculate temperatures and flows in windings with directed flow cooling, using graph theory. It also includes a chapter on optimization with practical suggestions on achieving the lowest cost design with constraints.
Updating and reorganizing the valuable information in the first edition to enhance logical development, Transformer Design Principles: With Applications to Core-Form Power Transformers, Second Edition remains focused on the basic physical concepts behind transformer design and operation. Starting with first principles, this book develops the reader’s understanding of the rationale behind design practices by illustrating how basic formulae and modeling procedures are derived and used. Simplifies presentation and emphasizes fundamentals, making it easy to apply presented results to your own designs The models, formulae, and methods illustrated in this book cover the crucial electrical, mechanical, and thermal aspects that must be satisfied in transformer design. The text also provides detailed mathematical techniques that enable users to implement these models on a computer. The authors take advantage of the increased availability of electromagnetic 2D and 3D finite element programs, using them to make calculations, especially in conjunction with the impedance boundary method for dealing with eddy current losses in high-permeability materials such as tank walls. Includes new or updated material on: Multi terminal transformers Phasors and three-phase connections Impulse generators and air core reactors Methodology for voltage breakdown in oil Zig-zag transformers Winding capacitances Impulse voltage distributions Temperature distributions in the windings and oil Fault type and fault current analyses Although the book’s focus is on power transformers, the transformer circuit models presented can be used in electrical circuits, including large power grids. In addition to the standard transformer types, the book explores multi-terminal transformer models, which allow complicated winding interconnections and are often used in phase shifting and rectifying applications. With its versatile coverage of transformers, this book can be used by practicing design and utility engineers, students, and anyone else who requires knowledge of design and operational characteristics.
This FAO Technical Paper synthesizes current knowledge on the impact of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events on fisheries and aquaculture in the context of a changing climate. It describes the diversity of ENSO events (Chapter 2), ENSO forecasting (Chapter 3) and ENSO in the context of climate change (Chapter 4). It includes a global overview and regional assessment of ENSO impact (Chapters 5 and 6) and a focus on coral bleaching and damage to reefs and related fisheries (Chapter 7). Finally, it synthesizes the lessons learned and the perspectives for ENSO and preparedness in a warmer ocean (Chapter 10).
In the newest edition, the reader will learn the basics of transformer design, starting from fundamental principles and ending with advanced model simulations. The electrical, mechanical, and thermal considerations that go into the design of a transformer are discussed with useful design formulas, which are used to ensure that the transformer will operate without overheating and survive various stressful events, such as a lightning strike or a short circuit event. This new edition includes a section on how to correct the linear impedance boundary method for non-linear materials and a simpler method to calculate temperatures and flows in windings with directed flow cooling, using graph theory. It also includes a chapter on optimization with practical suggestions on achieving the lowest cost design with constraints.
Updating and reorganizing the valuable information in the first edition to enhance logical development, Transformer Design Principles: With Applications to Core-Form Power Transformers, Second Edition remains focused on the basic physical concepts behind transformer design and operation. Starting with first principles, this book develops the reader’s understanding of the rationale behind design practices by illustrating how basic formulae and modeling procedures are derived and used. Simplifies presentation and emphasizes fundamentals, making it easy to apply presented results to your own designs The models, formulae, and methods illustrated in this book cover the crucial electrical, mechanical, and thermal aspects that must be satisfied in transformer design. The text also provides detailed mathematical techniques that enable users to implement these models on a computer. The authors take advantage of the increased availability of electromagnetic 2D and 3D finite element programs, using them to make calculations, especially in conjunction with the impedance boundary method for dealing with eddy current losses in high-permeability materials such as tank walls. Includes new or updated material on: Multi terminal transformers Phasors and three-phase connections Impulse generators and air core reactors Methodology for voltage breakdown in oil Zig-zag transformers Winding capacitances Impulse voltage distributions Temperature distributions in the windings and oil Fault type and fault current analyses Although the book’s focus is on power transformers, the transformer circuit models presented can be used in electrical circuits, including large power grids. In addition to the standard transformer types, the book explores multi-terminal transformer models, which allow complicated winding interconnections and are often used in phase shifting and rectifying applications. With its versatile coverage of transformers, this book can be used by practicing design and utility engineers, students, and anyone else who requires knowledge of design and operational characteristics.
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