The Boolean Differential Calculus (BDC) is a very powerful theory that extends the basic concepts of Boolean Algebras significantly. Its applications are based on Boolean spaces and n, Boolean operations, and basic structures such as Boolean Algebras and Boolean Rings, Boolean functions, Boolean equations, Boolean inequalities, incompletely specified Boolean functions, and Boolean lattices of Boolean functions. These basics, sometimes also called switching theory, are widely used in many modern information processing applications. The BDC extends the known concepts and allows the consideration of changes of function values. Such changes can be explored for pairs of function values as well as for whole subspaces. The BDC defines a small number of derivative and differential operations. Many existing theorems are very welcome and allow new insights due to possible transformations of problems. The available operations of the BDC have been efficiently implemented in several software packages. The common use of the basic concepts and the BDC opens a very wide field of applications. The roots of the BDC go back to the practical problem of testing digital circuits. The BDC deals with changes of signals which are very important in applications of the analysis and the synthesis of digital circuits. The comprehensive evaluation and utilization of properties of Boolean functions allow, for instance, to decompose Boolean functions very efficiently; this can be applied not only in circuit design, but also in data mining. Other examples for the use of the BDC are the detection of hazards or cryptography. The knowledge of the BDC gives the scientists and engineers an extended insight into Boolean problems leading to new applications, e.g., the use of Boolean lattices of Boolean functions.
Tsutomu Sasao – Kyushu Institute of Technology, Japan The material covered in this book is quite unique especially for p- ple who are reading English, since such material is quite hard to ?nd in the U.S. literature. German and Russian people have independently developed their theories, but such work is not well known in the U.S. societies. On the other hand, the theories developed in the U.S. are not conveyed to the other places. Thus, the same theory is re-invented or re-discovered in various places. For example, the switching theory was developed independently in the U.S., Europe, and Japan, almost at the same time [4, 18, 19]. Thus, the same notions are represented by di?- ent terminologies. For example, the Shegalkin polynomial is often called complement-free ring-sum, Reed-Muller expression [10], or Positive - larityReed-Mullerexpression [19].Anyway,itisquitedesirablethatsuch a unique book like this is written in English, and many people can read it without any di?culties. The authors have developed a logic system called XBOOLE.Itp- forms logical operations on the given functions. With XBOOLE, the readers can solve the problems given in the book. Many examples and complete solutions to the problems are shown, so the readers can study at home. I believe that the book containing many exercises and their solutions [9] is quite useful not only for the students, but also the p- fessors.
Logic functions and equations are (some of) the most important concepts of Computer Science with many applications such as Binary Arithmetics, Coding, Complexity, Logic Design, Programming, Computer Architecture and Artificial Intelligence. They are very often studied in a minimum way prior to or together with their respective applications. Based on our long-time teaching experience, a comprehensive presentation of these concepts is given, especially emphasising a thorough understanding as well as numerical and computer-based solution methods. Any applications and examples from all the respective areas are given that can be dealt with in a unified way. They offer a broad understanding of the recent developments in Computer Science and are directly applicable in professional life. Logic Functions and Equations is highly recommended for a one- or two-semester course in many Computer Science or computer Science-oriented programmes. It allows students an easy high-level access to these methods and enables sophisticated applications in many different areas. It elegantly bridges the gap between Mathematics and the required theoretical foundations of Computer Science.
The Boolean Differential Calculus (BDC) is a very powerful theory that extends the structure of a Boolean Algebra significantly. Based on a small number of definitions, many theorems have been proven. The available operations have been efficiently implemented in several software packages. There is a very wide field of applications. While a Boolean Algebra is focused on values of logic functions, the BDC allows the evaluation of changes of function values. Such changes can be explored for pairs of function values as well as for whole subspaces. Due to the same basic data structures, the BDC can be applied to any task described by logic functions and equations together with the Boolean Algebra. The BDC can be widely used for the analysis, synthesis, and testing of digital circuits. Generally speaking, a Boolean differential equation (BDE) is an equation in which elements of the BDC appear. It includes variables, functions, and derivative operations of these functions. The solution of such a BDE is a set of Boolean functions. This is a significant extension of Boolean equations, which have sets of Boolean vectors as solutions. In the simplest BDE a derivative operation of the BDC on the left-hand side is equal to a logic function on the right-hand side. The solution of such a simple BDE means to execute an operation which is inverse to the given derivative. BDEs can be applied in the same fields as the BDC, however, their possibility to express sets of Boolean functions extends the application field significantly.
This book reconstructs what the earliest grammars might have been and shows how they could have led to the languages of modern humankind. "Like other biological phenomena, language cannot be fully understood without reference to its evolution, whether proven or hypothesized," wrote Talmy Givón in 2002. As the languages spoken 8,000 years ago were typologically much the same as they are today and as no direct evidence exists for languages before then, evolutionary linguists are at a disadvantage compared to their counterparts in biology. Bernd Heine and Tania Kuteva seek to overcome this obstacle by combining grammaticalization theory, one of the main methods of historical linguistics, with work in animal communication and human evolution. The questions they address include: do the modern languages derive from one ancestral language or from more than one? What was the structure of language like when it first evolved? And how did the properties associated with modern human languages arise, in particular syntax and the recursive use of language structures? The authors proceed on the assumption that if language evolution is the result of language change then the reconstruction of the former can be explored by deploying the processes involved in the latter. Their measured arguments and crystal-clear exposition will appeal to all those interested in the evolution of language, from advanced undergraduates to linguists, cognitive scientists, human biologists, and archaeologists.
Using Fritz Perls as an example, this book recalls the representatives of an urban avant-garde culture who were driven out of Europe, emigrated, and for the most part found a new homeland in the USA. Many an element of the lost avant-garde spirit later found its way back to Europe in an enriched form. This monograph is the first to focus in greater depth on the German-European roots of Gestalt therapy. It thereby bridges the continents at the same time.
Errors are information. In contrastive linguistics, they are thought to be caused by unconscious transfer of mother tongue structures to the system of the target language and give information about both systems. In the interlanguage hypothesis of second language acquisition, errors are indicative of the different intermediate learning levels and are useful pedagogical feedback. In both cases error analysis is an essential methodological tool for diagnosis and evaluation of the language acquisition process. Errors, too, give information in psychoanalysis (e.g., the Freudian slip), in language universal research, and in other fields of linguistics, such as linguistic change.This bibliography is intended to stimulate study into cross-language, cross-discipline and cross-theoretical, as well as for language universal, use of the numerous, but sometimes hard to come by, error analysis studies. 5398 titles covering the period 1578 up to 1990 (with work in more than 144 languages and language families) are cited, cross-referenced, and described. The subject areas covered are numerous. For example: Theoretical Linguistics (Linguistic Typology, Cognitive Linguistics), Historical Linguistics (Language Change), Applied Linguistics (e.g. Speech Disorders), Translation, Mother Tongue Acquisition, Foreign Language Learning (Negative Transfer, Intralingual and Interlingual Errors), Psychoanalysis (Slips of the Tongue), Typography, Shorthand, Clinical Linguistics and Speech Pathology, Reading Research, Automatic Error Detection, Contact Linguistics (Code-switching, Interference), etc.
The book offers a concise introduction to the history of art, culture and everyday life of cities in the German cultural area between renaissance and revolution. References from sources and illustrations define the text; they are together useful resources for classes at schools and universities.
Some fishes test their environment by generating electric fields outside their bodies (man's first contact with electricity). To send and receive electric signals, one's own or those from a neighbor, is the basis of some bony fishes' unusual sensory capacities that enable them to lead a secret, nocturnal life. This volume provides the reader with a detailed account of these fishes' biology and behavior and their sophisticated sensory capacities. The phylogenetic relationships of the fish taxa involved are discussed as well as the physiology and anatomy of the electrosensory-motor-system and the integration to form an efficient intelligence system. The main emphasis is on the descriptive and experimental analysis of electric communication behavior in a variety of species, including studies of digital signal synthesis. Whenever possible, mechanisms of communication are indicated.
Appendices 133 A Mathematical Results 133 A.1 Singularities of the Displacement Error Covariance Matrix 133 A.2 A Class of Matrices and their Eigenvalues 134 A.3 Inverse of the Power Spectral Density Matrix 134 A.4 Power Spectral Density of a Frame 136 Glossary 137 References 141 Index 159 Preface This book aims to capture recent advances in motion compensation for - ficient video compression. It investigates linearly combined motion comp- sated signals and generalizes the well known superposition for bidirectional prediction in B-pictures. The number of superimposed signals and the sel- tion of reference pictures will be important aspects of the discussion. The application oriented part of the book employs this concept to the well known ITU-T Recommendation H.263 and continues with the improvements by superimposed motion-compensated signals for the emerging ITU-T R- ommendation H.264 and ISO/IEC MPEG-4 (Part 10). In addition, it discusses a new approach for wavelet-based video coding. This technology is currently investigated by MPEG to develop a new video compression standard for the mid-term future.
Identity and Participation in Culturally Diverse Societies presents an original discussion in an edited volume of how the links between identity, political participation, radicalization, and integration can provide a scientific understanding of the complex issue of coexistence between groups in culturally diverse societies. Offers a scientific understanding of the complex issue of coexistence between groups in culturally diverse societies Utilizes original theory which combines social psychology, sociology, and political science Includes an original and extensive discussion of combining the concepts of identity and diversity Innovatively and engagingly employs the latest research and state-of-the-art theory
Multi-Frame Motion-Compensated Prediction for Video Transmission presents a comprehensive description of a new technique in video coding and transmission. The work presented in the book has had a very strong impact on video coding standards and will be of interest to practicing engineers and researchers as well as academics. The multi-frame technique and the Lagrangian coder control have been adopted by the ITU-T as an integral part of the well known H.263 standard and are were adopted in the ongoing H.26L project of the ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group. This work will interest researchers and students in the field of video coding and transmission. Moreover, engineers in the field will also be interested since an integral part of the well known H.263 standard is based on the presented material.
This engaging chronicle of how the author and the great horned owl "Bubo" came to know one another over three summers spent in the Maine woods--and of how Bubo eventually grew into an independent hunter--is now available in an edition that has been abridged and revised so as to be more accessible to the general reader.
Growth in the numbers of organic chemicals during recent decades has been extraordinary. Most are complex compounds that are released directly and/or indirectly to the surrounding environment. A view is emerging in relation to environmental protection and hazardous substance management that (1) some organic chemicals and/or organic leachates from solid waste materials and contaminated sediment/soil sites are of such extreme environmental concern that all use should be highly controlled including isolation for disposal; and (2) most hazardous substances are of sufficient social value that their continual use, production and disposal are justified. For these chemicals their types, sources, fate, behavior, effects and remediation at solid- aqueous phase interfaces must be fully assessed and understood. This assessment and understanding are essential for society to accept risks of adverse ecological or human health effects.
“A strange and dreamy voice . . . , like an Italo Calvino short story, curiously translated from some lost, obscure language.” —Elizabeth Gilbert, author of Eat, Pray, Love An utterly charming study of the history of lying down—which is more complicated than you might think We spend a good third of our lives lying down: sleeping, dreaming, making love, thinking, reading, and getting well. Bernd Brunner’s ode to lying down is a rich exploration of cultural history and an entertaining collection of tales, ranging from the history of the mattress to the “slow living movement” to Stone Age repose—when people did not sleep lying down—and beyond. He approaches the horizontal state from a number of directions, but never loses his keen sense for the odd or unusual detail. Far from being a pose of passivity or laziness, lying down can be a protest, a chance to gather thoughts or change your point of view—the other side to our upright, productive lives. Brunner makes an eloquent case for the importance of lying down in a world that values ever-greater levels of activity, arguing that time spent horizontally offers rewards that we’d do well not to ignore.
The book describes novel solutions to enhance video quality, increase robustness to errors, and reduce end-to-end latency in video streaming systems. The authors are leading Researchers from Stanford University.
From 1945 to 1989, relations between the communist East German state and the Catholic Church were contentious and sometimes turbulent. Drawing on extensive Stasi materials and other government and party archives, this study provides the first systematic overview of this complex relationship and offers many new insights into the continuities, changes, and entanglements of policies and strategies on both sides. Previously undiscovered records in church archives contribute to an analysis of regional and sectoral conflicts within the Church and various shades of cooperation between nominal antagonists. The volume also explores relations between the GDR and the Vatican and addresses the oft-neglected communist “church business” controversially made in exchange for hard Western currency.
Modern approaches to the study of symplectic 4-manifolds and algebraic surfaces combine a wide range of techniques and sources of inspiration. Gauge theory, symplectic geometry, pseudoholomorphic curves, singularity theory, moduli spaces, braid groups, monodromy, in addition to classical topology and algebraic geometry, combine to make this one of the most vibrant and active areas of research in mathematics. It is our hope that the five lectures of the present volume given at the C.I.M.E. Summer School held in Cetraro, Italy, September 2-10, 2003 will be useful to people working in related areas of mathematics and will become standard references on these topics. The volume is a coherent exposition of an active field of current research focusing on the introduction of new methods for the study of moduli spaces of complex structures on algebraic surfaces, and for the investigation of symplectic topology in dimension 4 and higher.
This book gathers together the results of research on the Boolean domain related to important real-life applications that will support the reader in solving their scientific and practical tasks. It highlights that ongoing digitalization leads to increasing amounts of complex applications, the digits of which are usually encoded by Boolean variables due to their simplicity as only two values are used. However, as shown here, an exponentially growing number of vectors of Boolean variables can negate this simplicity, which leads to challenges in advancing progress in the Boolean domain and supporting a wide range of applications.
In today’s world, people are using more and more digital systems in daily life. Such systems utilize the elementariness of Boolean values. A Boolean variable can carry only two different Boolean values: FALSE or TRUE (0 or 1), and has the best interference resistance in technical systems. However, a Boolean function exponentially depends on the number of its variables. This exponential complexity is the cause of major problems in the process of design and realization of circuits. According to Moore’s Law, the complexity of digital systems approximately doubles every 18 months. This requires comprehensive knowledge and techniques to solve very complex Boolean problems. This book summarizes the recent progress in the Boolean domain in solving such issues. Part 1 describes the most powerful approaches in solving exceptionally complex Boolean problems. It is shown how an extremely rare solution could be found in a gigantic search space of more than 10^195 (this is a number of 196 decimal digits) different color patterns. Part 2 describes new research into digital circuits that realize Boolean functions. This part contains the chapters “Design” and “Test”, which present solutions to problems of power dissipation, and the testing of digital circuits using a special data structure, as well as further topics. Part 3 contributes to the scientific basis of future circuit technologies, investigating the need for completely new design methods for the atomic level of quantum computers. This section also concerns itself with circuit structures in reversible logic as the basis for quantum logic.
The Boolean Differential Calculus (BDC) is a very powerful theory that extends the basic concepts of Boolean Algebras significantly. Its applications are based on Boolean spaces ?? and ??n, Boolean operations, and basic structures such as Boolean Algebras and Boolean Rings, Boolean functions, Boolean equations, Boolean inequalities, incompletely specified Boolean functions, and Boolean lattices of Boolean functions. These basics, sometimes also called switching theory, are widely used in many modern information processing applications. The BDC extends the known concepts and allows the consideration of changes of function values. Such changes can be explored for pairs of function values as well as for whole subspaces. The BDC defines a small number of derivative and differential operations. Many existing theorems are very welcome and allow new insights due to possible transformations of problems. The available operations of the BDC have been efficiently implemented in several software packages. The common use of the basic concepts and the BDC opens a very wide field of applications. The roots of the BDC go back to the practical problem of testing digital circuits. The BDC deals with changes of signals which are very important in applications of the analysis and the synthesis of digital circuits. The comprehensive evaluation and utilization of properties of Boolean functions allow, for instance, to decompose Boolean functions very efficiently; this can be applied not only in circuit design, but also in data mining. Other examples for the use of the BDC are the detection of hazards or cryptography. The knowledge of the BDC gives the scientists and engineers an extended insight into Boolean problems leading to new applications, e.g., the use of Boolean lattices of Boolean functions.
The Boolean Differential Calculus (BDC) is a very powerful theory that extends the structure of a Boolean Algebra significantly. Based on a small number of definitions, many theorems have been proven. The available operations have been efficiently implemented in several software packages. There is a very wide field of applications. While a Boolean Algebra is focused on values of logic functions, the BDC allows the evaluation of changes of function values. Such changes can be explored for pairs of function values as well as for whole subspaces. Due to the same basic data structures, the BDC can be applied to any task described by logic functions and equations together with the Boolean Algebra. The BDC can be widely used for the analysis, synthesis, and testing of digital circuits. Generally speaking, a Boolean differential equation (BDE) is an equation in which elements of the BDC appear. It includes variables, functions, and derivative operations of these functions. The solution of such a BDE is a set of Boolean functions. This is a significant extension of Boolean equations, which have sets of Boolean vectors as solutions. In the simplest BDE a derivative operation of the BDC on the left-hand side is equal to a logic function on the right-hand side. The solution of such a simple BDE means to execute an operation which is inverse to the given derivative. BDEs can be applied in the same fields as the BDC, however, their possibility to express sets of Boolean functions extends the application field significantly.
The greatly expanded and updated 3rd edition of this textbook offers the reader a comprehensive introduction to the concepts of logic functions and equations and their applications across computer science and engineering. The authors’ approach emphasizes a thorough understanding of the fundamental principles as well as numerical and computer-based solution methods. The book provides insight into applications across propositional logic, binary arithmetic, coding, cryptography, complexity, logic design, and artificial intelligence. Updated throughout, some major additions for the 3rd edition include: a new chapter about the concepts contributing to the power of XBOOLE; a new chapter that introduces into the application of the XBOOLE-Monitor XBM 2; many tasks that support the readers in amplifying the learned content at the end of the chapters; solutions of a large subset of these tasks to confirm learning success; challenging tasks that need the power of the XBOOLE software for their solution. The XBOOLE-monitor XBM 2 software is used to solve the exercises; in this way the time-consuming and error-prone manipulation on the bit level is moved to an ordinary PC, more realistic tasks can be solved, and the challenges of thinking about algorithms leads to a higher level of education.
The expanded and updated 2nd edition of this classic text offers the reader a comprehensive introduction to the concepts of logic functions and equations and their applications across computer science. The approach emphasizes a thorough understanding of the fundamental principles as well as numerical and computer-based solution methods. Updated throughout, some major additions for the 2nd edition include: - an expanded introductory section on logic equations; - a new chapter on sets, lattices, and classes of logic functions; - a new chapter about SAT-problems; - a new chapter about methods to solve extremely complex problems; and - an expanded section with new decomposition methods utilizing the Boolean Differential Calculus extended to lattices of logic functions. The book provides insight into applications across binary arithmetic, coding, complexity, logic design, programming, computer architecture, and artificial intelligence. Based on the extensive teaching experience of the authors, Logic Functions and Equations is highly recommended for a one- or two-semester course in computer science and related programs. It provides straightforward high-level access to these methods and enables sophisticated applications, elegantly bridging the gap between mathematics and the theoretical foundations of computer science.
Tsutomu Sasao – Kyushu Institute of Technology, Japan The material covered in this book is quite unique especially for p- ple who are reading English, since such material is quite hard to ?nd in the U.S. literature. German and Russian people have independently developed their theories, but such work is not well known in the U.S. societies. On the other hand, the theories developed in the U.S. are not conveyed to the other places. Thus, the same theory is re-invented or re-discovered in various places. For example, the switching theory was developed independently in the U.S., Europe, and Japan, almost at the same time [4, 18, 19]. Thus, the same notions are represented by di?- ent terminologies. For example, the Shegalkin polynomial is often called complement-free ring-sum, Reed-Muller expression [10], or Positive - larityReed-Mullerexpression [19].Anyway,itisquitedesirablethatsuch a unique book like this is written in English, and many people can read it without any di?culties. The authors have developed a logic system called XBOOLE.Itp- forms logical operations on the given functions. With XBOOLE, the readers can solve the problems given in the book. Many examples and complete solutions to the problems are shown, so the readers can study at home. I believe that the book containing many exercises and their solutions [9] is quite useful not only for the students, but also the p- fessors.
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