Interest in ancient DNA is growing very rapidly in fields as diverse as evolution, anthropology, medicine, agriculture, and even law enforcement. This is a valuable source of information, ideas, and protocols for everyone interested in this extraordinary field. 50 illustrations; 10 tables.
UNDERSTANDING CORONA A pandemic is keeping the world on tenterhooks, with unprecedented implications for human coexistence, science, economics and politics. Every day, knowledge about the SARS-CoV-2 virus, its mutants, and measures to combat the infection grows. Thousands of reports, technical papers, discussions, study results, assessments, and comments reach the public. The information covers basic areas of knowledge - from aerosols and vaccines to winter sports. The target audience is people who want to get information quickly, politicians, authorities, universities, schools, companies, SMEs and businesses. Important sources and links on the pandemic, authorities, ministries and occupational health guidelines are directly available in the book. A VIRUS PARALYZES US The pandemic involving SARS-CoV-2 and known mutations of this virus poses an unprecedented medical and economic challenge to the world's population. Measures to inhibit the spread of the virus are essential until there is sufficient immunization of the world's population. In addition to monitoring the spread of the virus and its gene sequences, consideration of the physicochemical properties of the virus (virus persistence in aerosols, temperature dependence, dependence on humidity and UV radiation) appears relevant to reduce the spread of the virus. WEATHER DEPENDENCE Observations as well as literature reviews suggest a dependence of infection rates on weather conditions is likely. PROPOSED SOLUTIONS to exit LOCKDOWN. Proposed solutions for returning to a normal daily routine are provided. We try to explain the pandemic and make it understandable and give people a perspective on a daily life with the virus. There is also advice for politicians to encourage thoughtful reactions. Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)
Inhaltsangabe:Abstract: Two evolutionary approaches of allocating tasks onto a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) are presented. Offline task arrangement: whenever a set of tasks has to be arranged onto an FPGA in practice, one is interested in arranging a maximum number of tasks which efficiently utilize the FPGA area. A genetic algorithm is proposed searching for an arrangement of tasks offline, i.e. before the tasks are physically placed onto the FPGA. Online task arrangement: FPGAs that allow partial reconfiguration at run-time can be shared among multiple independent tasks. When the sequence of tasks to be performed is unpredictable the FPGA controller needs to make allocation decisions online. Since online allocation suffers from fragmentation, tasks can end up waiting despite there being sufficient, albeit non-contiguous resources available to service them. The time to complete tasks is consequently longer and the utilization of the FPGA is lower than it could be. A genetic algorithm is proposed rearranging a subset of the tasks executing on the FPGA when doing so allows the next pending task to be processed sooner. In comparison with other heuristic approaches a genetic algorithm is described and evaluated which overcomes the NP-hard problems of identifying feasible rearrangements and scheduling the rearrangements when moving tasks are reloaded from off-chip. Inhaltsverzeichnis:Table of Contents: 1.Introduction7 2.Field Programmable Gate Arrays9 2.1Architecture of FPGAs9 2.2Dynamically Reconfigurable FPGAs10 2.3Comparison with Related Devices11 2.4Creation of an FPGA Model11 3.FPGA Task Arrangement Problem18 3.1Static Task Arrangement Problem18 3.1.1Static Task Management18 3.1.2Problem Formulation20 3.2Dynamic Task Arrangement Problem21 3.2.1Dynamic Task Management21 3.2.2Search for an Admissible Task Rearrangement22 3.2.3Rearrangement Scheduling24 3.2.4Buffer Restriction27 3.2.5Problem Formulation30 4.Arrangement Concepts31 4.1Shape Functions31 4.2Slicing Trees35 5.Genetic Algorithms41 5.1Introduction41 5.2The Functioning of Genetic Algorithms 43 5.3Main Components of Genetic Algorithms45 5.3.1Representation45 5.3.2Initialization46 5.3.3Evaluation47 5.3.4Stopping Condition47 5.3.5Reproduction47 5.3.6Selection48 5.3.7Genetic Operators49 6.Static Task Arrangement51 6.1Representation51 6.2Initialization52 6.2.1Random Pairing53 6.2.2Traversal of Flexible Slicing Trees53 6.3Evaluation56 6.4Genetic [...]
This volume describes features of autonomy and integrates them into the recent discussion of factors in evolution. In recent years ideas about major transitions in evolution are undergoing a revolutionary change. They include questions about the origin of evolutionary innovation, their genetic and epigenetic background, the role of the phenotype and of changes in ontogenetic pathways. In the present book, it is argued that it is likewise necessary to question the properties of these innovations and what was qualitatively generated during the macroevolutionary transitions. The author states that a recurring central aspect of macroevolutionary innovations is an increase in individual organismal autonomy whereby it is emancipated from the environment with changes in its capacity for flexibility, self-regulation and self-control of behavior. The first chapters define the concept of autonomy and examine its history and its epistemological context. Later chapters demonstrate how changes in autonomy took place during the major evolutionary transitions and investigate the generation of organs and physiological systems. They synthesize material from various disciplines including zoology, comparative physiology, morphology, molecular biology, neurobiology and ethology. It is argued that the concept is also relevant for understanding the relation of the biological evolution of man to his cultural abilities. Finally the relation of autonomy to adaptation, niche construction, phenotypic plasticity and other factors and patterns in evolution is discussed. The text has a clear perspective from the context of systems biology, arguing that the generation of biological autonomy must be interpreted within an integrative systems approach.
This atlas offers stunning color electron scanning micrographs and exceptional light microscopy pictures of capillaries, vessels and diverse histomorphological tissues and organs of Xenopus laevis. The model organisms Xenopus laevis serves to study basic biological questions related to growth, differentiation, maturation, and regression of cells, tissues and organs. Xenopus and human genomes have long stretches of gene collinearity, and 79% of identified human disease genes have a verified ortholog in Xenopus. Thus, this atlas will be a powerful tool for anatomists, morphologists, histologists and physiologists interested in normal and pathologically altered organs and tissue; and to all researchers, who wish to learn more about the microvascular anatomy of this vertebrate model organism.
The essays in this collection examine how human heredity was understood between the end of the First World War and the early 1970s. The contributors explore the interaction of science, medicine and society in determining how heredity was viewed across the world during the politically turbulent years of the twentieth century.
The successful treatment of acute stroke remains one of the major challenges in clinical medicine. Over the last decades, the understanding of stroke pathophysiology has greatly improved, while the therapeutic options in stroke therapy remain very limited. Today, hyperacute mechanisms of damage, such as excitotoxicity, can be discriminated from delayed ones, such as inflammation and apoptosis. Targeting of inflammation has already been successfully applied in various stroke models, but translation into a clinically efficacious strategy has not been achieved so far. In this book, leading experts in basic cerebrovascular research as well as stroke treatment review the current evidence for and against an important role for inflammation in stroke, and explore the potential of treating or modulating inflammation in stroke therapy.
Alginates: Biology and Applications" provides an overview of the state of art of alginate material properties, genetics and the molecular mechanisms underlying alginate biosynthesis as well as applications of tailor-made alginates in medicine, food and biotechnology. Topics treated are: material properties of alginates, alginate production: precursor biosynthesis, polymerization and secretion, bacterial system for alginate uptake and degradation, enzymatic alginate modification, alginate gene regulation, role of alginate in bacterial biofilms, microbial production of alginates: physiology and process aspects, alginate-based blends and nano/microbeads, applications of alginates in food, alginate and its comonomer mannuronic acid: medical relevance as drugs.
A coherent and comprehensive theory of life that synthesizes the specific properties of living organisms. Despite continued advances, science has until now struggled to describe the specific properties that define a living being. By synthesizing several aspects of organismic biology and contemporary science, Properties of Life by Bernd Rosslenbroich generates a coherent concept of the singular quality of being alive—a concept that provides a crucial foundation for scientists, farmers, and medical practitioners and helps explain how we all interact with the world around us and within ourselves. Is an organism an aggregate of parts or an integrated system with agency? Is it a passive stimulus-response machine or a being equipped with subjectivity and consciousness? Rosslenbroich argues that the way people in different fields understand life determines their assumptions about organic function and behavior. In medicine, this extends to the human organism, which influences prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Drawing attention to a long-standing but underappreciated line of thought in organismic biology, Rosslenbroich’s original idea emphasizes the autonomy of living processes, their network characteristics, and their self-determined organization in time and structure. A timely and revelatory book, Properties of Life formulates an integrated, unified theory that remains flexible enough to accommodate future developments and resilient enough to withstand the challenges of different theoretical and disciplinary backgrounds.
Microbial polysaccharides represent an attractive alternative to those from plants or macro algae. They can be produced from renewable sources including lignocellulosic waste streams. Their production does not depend on geographical constraints and/or seasonal limitations. Additionally the manipulation of biosynthetic pathways to enhance productivity or to influence the chemical polysaccharide composition is comparatively easy in bacteria. Microbial exopolysaccharides represents a valuable resource of biogenic and biodegradable polymers, suitable to replace petro based polymers in various technical applications. Furthermore, biocompatible exopolysaccharides are very attractive in medical applications, such as drug delivery systems, use as vaccines or nanoparticles. This research topic will depict the status quo, as well as the future needs in the field of EPS and biofilm research. Starting from the unexplored diversity of microbial polysaccharide producers to production processes and possibilities for modifications, to enhance the already high number of functionalities based on the chemical structures. An overview of the recent and future applications will be given, and the necessity in unravelling the biosynthesis of microbial exopolysaccharide producers is depicted, highlighting the future trend of tailor made polymers. Constraints in structure analysis of these highly complex biogenic polymers are described and different approaches to solve the restrictions in imaging and NMR analysis will be given. Therefore; this research topic comprises the whole process from genes to applications.
Learn how to "read" the optic fundus: What tests are indicated? How do I interpret the findings? What is the next step? This book guides you quickly and confidently from finding to diagnosis. Practice-oriented Organized by presentation Systematic listing of diagnoses for each presentation Sidebars with a brief summary of the signs and symptoms for each diagnosis Quick reference and study guide in one Comprehensive Describes various examination methods Covers even rare findings Differential diagnosis Figures to illustrate each diagnosis Notes on appropriate treatment Confidence Learn to take prompt, goal-directed action. Apply various diagnostic options appropriately and economically. Gain confidence in dealing with equivocal findings.
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