Bernard Bolzano (1781-1848, Prague) was an outstanding thinker and reformer, far ahead of his times in many areas, including philosophy, ethics, politics, logic, theology and physics, and mathematics. Aimed at historians of mathematics, philosophy, ethics and logic, this volume contains the first English translations of some of his most significant mathematical writings, which contain the details of many celebrated insights and anticipations: clear topological definitions of various geometric extensions, an effective statement and use of the Cauchy convergence before it appears in Cauchy's work, remarkable results on measurable numbers (a version of real numbers), on functions (the construction of a continuous, non-differentiable function around 1830) and on infinite collections.
For many centuries, the world of Islam was in the forefront of human achievement--the foremost military and economic power in the world, the leader in the arts and sciences of civilization. Christian Europe, a remote land beyond its northwestern frontier, was seen as an outer darkness of barbarism and unbelief from which there was nothing to learn or to fear. And then everything changed, as the previously despised West won victory after victory, first in the battlefield and the marketplace, then in almost every aspect of public and even private life. In this intriguing volume, Bernard Lewis examines the anguished reaction of the Islamic world as it tried to understand why things had changed--how they had been overtaken, overshadowed, and to an increasing extent dominated by the West. Lewis provides a fascinating portrait of a culture in turmoil. He shows how the Middle East turned its attention to understanding European weaponry and military tactics, commerce and industry, government and diplomacy, education and culture. Lewis highlights the striking differences between the Western and Middle Eastern cultures from the 18th to the 20th centuries through thought-provoking comparisons of such things as Christianity and Islam, music and the arts, the position of women, secularism and the civil society, the clock and the calendar. Hailed in The New York Times Book Review as "the doyen of Middle Eastern studies," Bernard Lewis is one of the West's foremost authorities on Islamic history and culture. In this striking volume, he offers an incisive look at the historical relationship between the Middle East and Europe.
Probing the Muslims' attitude toward Judaism as a special case of their view of other religious minorities in Islamic countries, Bernard Lewis demolishes two competing stereotypes: the fanatical warrior, sword in one hand and Qur' an in the other, and the Muslim designer of an interfaith utopia. Available for the first time in paperback, his portrayal of the Judaeo-Islamic tradition is set against a vivid background of Jewish and Islamic history.
`Whoever lives in our country, speaks our language, is brought up in our culture and takes pride in our glory is one of us.' Thus ran a declaration of modern leaders of Arab states. But what exactly is an Arab, and what has been their place in the course of human history? In this well-established classic, Professor Lewis examines the key issues of Arab development - their identity, the national revival which cemented the creation of the Islamic state, and the social and economic pressures that destroyed the Arab kingdom and created the Islamic empire. He analyses the forces which contributed to that empire's eventual decline, and the effects of growing Western influence. Today, with the Arab world facing profound social and political challenges, it constitutes an essential introduction to the Arabs and their history.
Hailed in The New York Times Book Review as "the doyen of Middle Eastern studies," Bernard Lewis has been for half a century one of the West's foremost scholars of Islamic history and culture, the author of over two dozen books, most notably The Arabs in History, The Emergence of Modern Turkey, The Political Language of Islam, and The Muslim Discovery of Europe. Eminent French historian Robert Mantran has written of Lewis's work: "How could one resist being attracted to the books of an author who opens for you the doors of an unknown or misunderstood universe, who leads you within to its innermost domains: religion, ways of thinking, conceptions of power, culture--an author who upsets notions too often fixed, fallacious, or partisan." In Islam and the West, Bernard Lewis brings together in one volume eleven essays that indeed open doors to the innermost domains of Islam. Lewis ranges far and wide in these essays. He includes long pieces, such as his capsule history of the interaction--in war and peace, in commerce and culture--between Europe and its Islamic neighbors, and shorter ones, such as his deft study of the Arabic word watan and what its linguistic history reveals about the introduction of the idea of patriotism from the West. Lewis offers a revealing look at Edward Gibbon's portrait of Muhammad in Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (unlike previous writers, Gibbon saw the rise of Islam not as something separate and isolated, nor as a regrettable aberration from the onward march of the church, but simply as a part of human history); he offers a devastating critique of Edward Said's controversial book, Orientalism; and he gives an account of the impediments to translating from classic Arabic to other languages (the old dictionaries, for one, are packed with scribal errors, misreadings, false analogies, and etymological deductions that pay little attention to the evolution of the language). And he concludes with an astute commentary on the Islamic world today, examining revivalism, fundamentalism, the role of the Shi'a, and the larger question of religious co-existence between Muslims, Christians, and Jews. A matchless guide to the background of Middle East conflicts today, Islam and the West presents the seasoned reflections of an eminent authority on one of the most intriguing and little understood regions in the world.
Hailed as "the doyen of Middle Eastern studies" in The New York Times Book Review, Bernard Lewis stands at the height of his field. "To read Mr. Lewis," wrote Fouad Ajami in The Wall Street Journal, "is to be taken through a treacherous terrain by the coolest and most reassuring of guides. You are in the hands of the Islamic world's foremost living historian." Now this sure-handed guide takes us through treacherous terrain indeed--the events of 1492, a year laden with epic events and riven by political debate. With elegance and erudition, Lewis explores that climactic year as a clash of civilizations--a clash not only of the New World and the Old, but also of Christendom and Islam, of Europe and the rest. In the same year that Columbus set sail across the Atlantic, he reminds us, the Spanish monarchy captured Granada, the last Muslim stronghold on the peninsula, and also expelled the Jews. Lewis uses these three epochal events to explore the nature of the European-Islamic conflict, placing the voyages of discovery in a striking new context. He traces Christian Europe's path from being a primitive backwater on the edges of the vast, cosmopolitan Caliphate, through the heightening rivalry of the two religions, to the triumph of the West over Islam, examining the factors behind their changing fortunes and cultural qualities. Balanced and insightful, this far-reaching discussion of the encounters between Islam, the West, and the globe provides a new understanding of the distant events that gave shape to the modern world.
Bernard Lewis looks at the new era in the Middle East. With the departure of imperial powers, the region must now, on its own, resolve the political, economic, cultural, and societal problems that prevent it from accomplishing the next stage in the advance of civilization. There is enough in the traditional culture of Islam on the one hand and the modern experience of the Muslim peoples on the other, he explains, to provide the basis for an advance toward freedom in the true sense of that word.
One in ten children seen in primary care practice and 25% of hospitalized children appear with a neurologic complaint. The fourth edition of Current Management in Child Neurology provides succinct reviews in the form of superb "how-to" chapters on the most common neurological complaints and pathologic conditions seen in pediatric practice. This volume provides clinicians with a state-of-the-art "toolbox" for diagnosis and treatment of the most commonly presented neurologic disorders and dysfunctions in children, including headache, seizures and epilepsy, neurobehavioral disorders, school readiness, developmental delay, trauma, meningitis and encephalitis, injury to the preterm and term brains, and status epilepticus. Chapters new to the 4th edition include information on a range of other conditions such as microcephaly, neurodegenerative disorders, chromosomal disorders, epilepsy in adolescence, epileptic encephalopathy, pediatric neurotransmitter disorders, and tropical child neurology as well as current approaches to neonatal or infantile facial dysmorphism and congenital muscular dystrophies. The 4th edition of Current Management in Child Neurology has 111 chapters organized into three sections: Clinical Practice Trends, The Office Visit, and The Hospitalized Child. Each of the sections contains carefully selected readings and Web resources for practitioners and patients who seek relevant information on topics addressed in the book's chapters. Since the third edition, online resources have increased exponentially, and Current Management in Child Neurology directs its readers to the most high-quality information available.
Cohen argues that the emergence of the United States as the world's sole superpower and the process of globalization have failed to remove the importance of geography as a political and strategic factor of great import. After laying out the structural basis for his theory of geopolitical theory, he launches into an examination of how geopolitical realities have developed since World War II, a period that witnessed greater change than the preceding two and a half centuries. He then turns his attention to the meat of the book, separate examinations of the each of the major world regions, including examinations of the important countries and their individual geopolitical realities.
This Very Short Introduction traces the history of our understanding of human evolution - taking the reader right up to the very latest fossil findings and the debates about what they mean." "Providing an 'insider's view' of current paleoanthropology, Bernard Wood explains how human fossils are found, analyzed, and interpreted, and what the latest advances in genetics and a range of other sciences can reveal about our earliest origins."--BOOK JACKET.
Using a straightforward systems approach, Public Health: What It Is and How It Works explores the inner workings of the complex, modern U.S. public health system--what it is, what it does, how it works, and why it is important. The book covers the origins and development of the modern public health system; the relationship of public health to the overall health system; how the system is organized at the federal, state, and local levels; its core functions and how well these are currently being addressed; evidence-based practice and an approach to program planning and evaluation for public health interventions; public health activities such as epidemiological investigation, biomedical research, environmental assessment, policy development, and more.
When a Salvation Army officer learns that her father, a wealthy armaments manufacturer, has donated lots of money to her organization, she resigns in disgust but eventually sees the truth of her father's reasoning that social iniquity derives from poverty; it is only through accumulating wealth and power that people can help each other.
Purchase one of 1st World Library's Classic Books and help support our free internet library of downloadable eBooks. 1st World Library-Literary Society is a non-profit educational organization. Visit us online at www.1stWorldLibrary.ORG - - To the irreverent - and which of us will claim entire exemption from that comfortable classification? - there is something very amusing in the attitude of the orthodox criticism toward Bernard Shaw. He so obviously disregards all the canons and unities and other things which every well-bred dramatist is bound to respect that his work is really unworthy of serious criticism (orthodox). Indeed he knows no more about the dramatic art than, according to his own story in "The Man of Destiny," Napoleon at Tavazzano knew of the Art of War. But both men were successes each in his way - the latter won victories and the former gained audiences, in the very teeth of the accepted theories of war and the theatre. Shaw does not know that it is unpardonable sin to have his characters make long speeches at one another, apparently thinking that this embargo applies only to long speeches which consist mainly of bombast and rhetoric. There never was an author who showed less predilection for a specific medium by which to accomplish his results. He recognized, early in his days, many things awry in the world and he assumed the task of mundane reformation with a confident spirit. It seems such a small job at twenty to set the times aright. He began as an Essayist, but who reads essays now-a-days? - he then turned novelist with no better success, for no one would read such preposterous stuff as he chose to emit. He only succeeded in proving that absolutely rational men and women - although he has created few of the latter - can be most extremely disagreeable to our conventional way of thinking.
The great Irish playwright’s impassioned dramatization of the life and trial of Joan of Arc. Three years after Joan of Arc was canonized in 1920, George Bernard Shaw brought to the stage a more complex and human portrayal of the fifteenth-century French martyr, creating one of the theater’s most memorable and enduring female roles. Already renowned for plays such as Pygmalion, The Arms and the Man, and Major Barbara, Shaw presented Saint Joan as “A Chronicle Play in Six Scenes and an Epilogue.” The play begins in February 1429 as a visionary peasant girl feels called to lead a French army against the English in the Hundred Years War in order to install Charles VII, the dauphin, to the throne. Rallying the troops, Joan plays a pivotal role in the siege of Orléans and in the crowning of Charles at Reims Cathedral. The play culminates with Joan’s trial for heresy after she is captured by opposing forces and ultimately condemned and burned at the stake. Through the device of an epilogue, Shaw dramatizes the reevaluation of Joan through a retrial a quarter century after her execution that clears her of heresy to declarations of her as a Christian martyr and ultimately almost five centuries after her death, her canonization as a saint. Shaw’s Joan is an upstart and a rebel—sane, self-assured, proud, courageous, but still with the naivete of the teenager she was—who challenged the conventions of her time as well as those in power. Having exhaustively researched the documents of her trial, Shaw added a preface and series of reflections on Joan to the published text of the play, which offer further insight into a legendary figure who continues to fascinate, intrigue, and provoke a myriad of interpretations, as well as ongoing productions of Shaw’s only tragedy. This ebook has been professionally proofread to ensure accuracy and readability on all devices.
Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw is a thought-provoking and socially conscious play that addresses issues of class, language, and identity. Published in 1913, this play follows the story of Eliza Doolittle, a poor flower girl from the streets of London, who is taken on as a project by the wealthy phonetics professor, Henry Higgins. The play explores the transformative power of language and the impact of society's rigid expectations on individuals. The title of the play is a reference to the Greek myth of Pygmalion, a sculptor who falls in love with his own creation. Similarly, Higgins becomes enamored with the idea of transforming Eliza into a refined and cultured lady through speech and etiquette training. This raises questions about the role of education and social mobility in society. Shaw uses this analogy to critique the superficiality of society's obsession with outward appearances and the inherent class divide that exists in early 20th century England. One of the main themes of Pygmalion is the power dynamics between the classes. Shaw presents a scathing commentary on the rigid British class system and the struggles of those who are born into lower classes. Eliza's transformation into a lady challenges the concept of nature versus nurture and highlights the limitations imposed by social class. Through Eliza's character, Shaw exposes the hypocrisy of the upper class, who view themselves as superior based on their wealth and education, while disregarding the struggles of the lower classes. The use of language in the play also serves as a powerful tool to highlight the importance of communication and its impact on social status. Through the characters of Higgins and Colonel Pickering, Shaw showcases how the mastery of language can elevate one's social standing and open doors to opportunities that were previously unavailable. However, this also raises questions about the authenticity of one's identity and whether it is acceptable to discard one's origins and adopt a new identity for the sake of societal acceptance. Moreover, Shaw's portrayal of the relationship between Higgins and Eliza challenges traditional gender roles and expectations. Eliza's transformation from a poor and submissive flower girl to a confident and independent woman challenges the patriarchal norms of the time. Shaw also presents a commentary on the objectification of women and the double standards that exist within society. Eliza is constantly belittled and objectified by the male characters, highlighting the inequality and misogyny prevalent in society. In addition to its social commentary, Pygmalion is also a witty and humorous play, with clever wordplay and satirical dialogue. Shaw's use of comedy adds depth to the play and allows the audience to reflect on its underlying themes in a lighter manner. However, Shaw's wit is also used to expose the flaws and hypocrisies of society, making the play a powerful tool for social criticism. Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw is a timeless classic that continues to be relevant in today's society. Through its exploration of class, language, and gender, Shaw challenges societal norms and encourages the audience to question the systems that dictate our lives. This play serves as a powerful commentary on the complexities of human nature and the impact of societal expectations on individual identity.
George Bernard Shaw, a famend Irish playwright, wrote the comedian play "You Never Can Tell". The novel is about in a seashore metropolis in England and follows the Clandon circle of relatives as they go back to England after many years abroad. Mrs. Clandon, who is independent and modern-day, lives along with her 3 youngsters, Dolly, Philip, and Gloria. When they emerge as involved in a chain of miscommunications, misunderstandings, and love entanglements, the plot takes a flip for the comedic. The drama delves into issues of society requirements, love, and the unpredictability of human relationships. Shaw's trademark wit and caustic criticism on elegance and etiquette are present during the tale. The protagonists struggle with the results of their deeds and the subtleties of love, thinking the traditions of the day. The play is identified for its smart communicate and Shavian wit, which spotlight Shaw's potential to merge humor with social critique. "You Never Can Tell" is a famous instance of George Bernard Shaw's humorous skills and potential to look at and critique cultural standards in a crisp and pleasing manner.
From the days before Moses up through the 1960s, slavery was a fact of life in the Middle East. But if the Middle East was one of the last regions to renounce slavery, how do we account for its--and especially Islam's--image of racial harmony? How did these long years of slavery affect racial relations? In Race and Slavery in the Middle East, Bernard Lewis explores these questions and others, examining the history of slavery in law, social thought, practice, and literature and art over the last two millennia.
In the middle of the 1885 Serbo-Bulgarian war, an enemy soldier escapes a cavalry charge by climbing up a drainpipe into Raina Petkoff’s room. Raina is the daughter of one Major and engaged to another, but she chooses to save the soldier’s life by concealing him. Arms and the Man, named after the opening lines of Virgil’s The Aeneid, is a play that humorously deals with the hypocrisy of humanity and the stupidity of war. It was among George Bernard Shaw’s first commercial successes, and was included in a collection of plays he referred to as Plays Pleasant, along with Candida, You Never Can Tell, and The Man of Destiny. Having coined the term “chocolate soldier,” the play has been staged multiple times in London’s West End and on Broadway, and has been adapted into operetta and film.
Saint Joan is a play by George Bernard Shaw about 15th-century French military figure Joan of Arc. Premiering in 1923, three years after her canonization by the Roman Catholic Church, the play reflects Shaw's belief that the people involved in Joan's trial acted according to what they thought was right. He wrote in his preface to the play: There are no villains in the piece. Crime, like disease, is not interesting: it is something to be done away with by general consent, and that is all [there is] about it. It is what men do at their best, with good intentions, and what normal men and women find that they must and will do in spite of their intentions, that really concern us
Major Barbara" is a play written by the renowned Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw. Set in Edwardian London, the narrative centers round Barbara Undershaft, a prime in the Salvation Army, who will become conflicted whilst her estranged, wealthy industrialist father, Andrew Undershaft, gives an extensive donation to the organization. The play delves into topics of morality, ethics, and the effect of wealth on social establishments. The Undershaft family's contrasting values create a dynamic exploration of idealism versus pragmatism. Andrew Undershaft, a munitions rich person, challenges traditional notions of morality by means of affirming the need of armaments in maintaining international peace. Barbara, dedicated to the Salvation Army's challenge of assisting the negative, faces a moral catch 22 situation as she grapples together with her father's offer, main to a concept-scary battle between philanthropy and the manner via which wealth is obtained. Shaw's "Major Barbara" is widely known for its sharp wit, highbrow intensity, and social statement. The play reviews societal norms, religious institutions, and the effect of industrialization on morality. Shaw employs his characteristic humor and clever communicate to interact the audience in a profound exploration of conflicting values, making "Major Barbara" an undying and thought-scary work inside the canon of George Bernard Shaw's performs.
Exclusive to Penguin Classics: the definitive text of the first great twentieth-century English play and a classic exposé of the eternal struggle between the sexes—part of the official Bernard Shaw Library A Penguin Classic After the death of her father, Ann Whitefield becomes the joint ward of two men: the respectable Roebuck Ramsden and John Tanner, author of “The Revolutionist’s Handbook.” Believing marriage would prevent him from achieving his higher intellectual and political ambitions, Tanner is horrified to discover that Ann intends to marry him, and he flees to Spain with the determined young woman in hot pursuit. The chase even leads them to the underworld, where the characters’ alter egos discuss questions of human nature and philosophy in a lively debate in a scene often performed separately as “Don Juan in Hell.” In Man and Superman, Shaw combined seriousness with comedy to create a satirical and buoyant exposé of the eternal struggle between the sexes. This is the definitive text produced under the editorial supervision of Dan H. Laurence. The volume also includes Shaw’s preface of 1903 and his appendix, “The Revolutionist’s Handbook”; the cast list from the first production of Man and Superman; and a list of his principal works.
Hailed by T. S. Eliot as "a dramatic delight," George Bernard Shaw's only tragedy traces the life of the peasant girl who led French troops to victory over the English in the Hundred Years' War. An avid socialist, Shaw regarded his writing as a vehicle for promoting his political and humanitarian views and exposing hypocrisy. With Saint Joan, he reached the height of his fame, and it was this play that led to his Nobel Prize in Literature for 1925. In the six centuries since her martyrdom, Joan of Arc has inspired artists, musicians, and writers. Shaw's heroine is unlike any previous interpretation — not a witch, saint, or madwoman but a pre-feminist icon, possessed of innate intelligence and leadership qualities that challenge the authority of church and state. She is also a real human being, warm and sincere, whose flaws include an obstinacy that leads to her undoing. This edition includes a substantial, informative Preface by the author.
George Bernard Shaw's only play set in America, The Devil's Disciple is a cutting examination of honor and honesty, rebellion and irreverence. Written in 1897 and first published in the 1901 collection Three Plays for Puritans, it is the story of Revolutionary War hero Richard Dudgeon, wrongly arrested by British soldiers in a case of mistaken identity who keeps the secret, fully aware he will be hanged for another man's crimes. Like Dicken's A Tale of Two Cities, this is an historically incisive drama, highlighting the best men can achieve at the worst of times. Irish playwright GEORGE BERNARD SHAW (1856-1950) won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1925 and an Academy Award for Adapted Screenplay in 1938, the only person to achieve both honors. Among his many renowned plays are Arms and the Man (1894), Candida (1894), Man and Superman (1903), Major Barbara (1905), and Pygmalion (1913).
Nilsson's seminal work on Minoan-Myceanaean religion had its second edition in 1950 prior to the decipherment of Linear B; yet he found much in the archaeological record of the Bronze Age which he associated with later Greek religion. In that respect his insights were vindicated by the reading of those tablets which bore the names of classical Greek divinities, though at tme time new conclusions were needed about Indo-European arrival in Greek lands. Dietrich, with Nilsson very much in mind, starts from the premises that beliefs and their associated rites are inherently conservative; that, even where populations change, they tend to do so gradually, creating fusions rather than wholesale disruptions in ritual practice. An understanding of classical Greek religion thus, necessarily, depends on appreciation of its forerunners in the Bronze Age; and they, in turn, on evidence from the better documented religions of the Middle East. Dietrich's four main chapters deal first with those eastern links; then with the old traditions of Minoan Crete; next with the interplay of pre-Greek Minoan and Greek Mycenaean cultures; and finally he attempts to bridge the commonly assumed divide between bronze age and archaic Greece. Appendixes deal with Minoan peak-sanctuaries, with Apollo at Delphi, and (sympathetically) with Nilsson's pervasive view that Greek mythology was first formulated in the Mycenaean age. In these areas a great deal more work has been done since 1974. Dietrich's thoroughly researched work was at once trend-setting and provocative. It is here made available for the first time in paperback; for it still contains much of importance for the student of Greek religion.
Praise for Bernard Lewis "For newcomers to the subject[el]Bernard Lewis is the man." TIME Magazine “The doyen of Middle Eastern studies." The New York Times “No one writes about Muslim history with greater authority, or intelligence, or literary charm.” British historian Hugh Trevor-Roper “Bernard Lewis has no living rival in his field.” Al Ahram, Cairo (the most influential Arab world newspaper) "When it comes to Islamic studies, Bernard Lewis is the father of us all. With brilliance, integrity, and extraordinary mastery of languages and sources, he has led the way for[el]investigators seeking to understand the Muslim world." National Review "Bernard Lewis combines profound depth of scholarship with encyclopedic knowledge of the Middle East and, above all, readability." Daily Telegraph (London) "Lewis speaks with authority in prose marked by lucidity, elegance, wit and force." Newsday (New York) "Lewis' style is lucid, his approach, objective." Philadelphia Inquirer "Lewis writes with unsurpassed erudition and grace." Washington Times An objective, easy-to-read introduction to Islam by Bernard Lewis, one of the West’s leading experts on Islam For many people, Islam remains a mystery. Here Bernard Lewis and Buntzie Ellis Churchill examine Islam: what its adherents believe and how their religion has shaped them, their rich and diverse cultures, and their politics over more than 14 centuries. Considered one of the West’s leading experts on Islam, Lewis, with Churchill, has written an illuminating introduction for those who want to understand the faith and the global challenges it confronts and presents. Whatever your political, personal, or religious views, this book will help you understand Islam’s reality. Lewis and Churchill answer questions such as... • How does Islam differ from Judaism and Christianity? • What are the pillars of the Islamic faith? • What does Islam really say about peace and jihad? • How does the faith regard non-Muslims? • What are the differences between Sunni and Shi’a? • What does Islam teach about the position of women in society? • What does Islam say about free enterprise and profit? • What caused the rise of radical Islam? • What are the problems facing Muslims in the U.S. and Europe and what are the challenges posed by those minorities?
For 15 years and through two editions, this handbook has been indispensable for serious students of leadership. Now, in this third edition, Bass introduces a decade of new findings on the newest theories and models of leadership. With over 1,200 pages of essential information, Bass & Stogdill's Handbook of Leadership will continue to be the definitive resource for managers for years to come.
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