This book offers a new model for measuring the success and impact of counterterrorism strategies, using four comparative historical case studies. The effectiveness of counterterrorism measures is hard to assess, especially since the social impact of terrorist attacks is a fundamental and complex issue. This book focuses on the impact of counterterrorist measures by introducing the concept of the performative power of counterterrorism: the extent to which governments mobilize public and political support - thereby sometimes even unwittingly assisting terrorists in creating social drama. The concept is applied to counterterrorism in the Netherlands, Italy, the Federal Republic of Germany and the United States in the 1970s. Based on in-depth case study research using new primary sources and interviews with counterterrorist officials and radicals, a correlation is established between a low level of performative power and a decline of terrorist incidents. This is explored in terms of the link between social drama (as enhanced by counterterrorist measures) and ongoing radicalization processes. This book demonstrates that an increase in visible and intrusive counterterrorist measures does not automatically lead to a more effective form of counterterrorism. In the open democracies of the west, not transforming counterterrorism into a performance of power and repression is at least as important as counterterrorism measures themselves. This book will be of much interest to students of terrorism and counter-terrorism, discourse analysis, media and communication studies, conflict studies and IR/Security Studies in general.
After twenty-six years of unprecedented revolutionary upheavals and endless fighting, the victorious powers craved stability after Napoleon's defeat in 1815. With the threat of war and revolutionary terror still looming large, the coalition launched an unprecedented experiment to re-establish European security. With over one million troops remaining in France, they established the Allied Council to mitigate the threat of war and terror and to design and consolidate a system of deterrence. The Council transformed the norm of interstate relations into the first, modern system of collective security in Europe. Drawing on the records of the Council and the correspondence of key figures such as Metternich, Castlereagh, Wellington and Alexander I, Beatrice de Graaf tells the story of Europe's transition from concluding a war to consolidating a new order. She reveals how, long before commercial interest and economic considerations on scale and productivity dictated and inspired the project of European integration, the common denominator behind this first impulse for a unification of Europe in norms and institutions was the collective fight against terror.
Nederlanders redden zich altijd wel uit een crisis. Ze worstelden en kwamen boven. Ze hielpen elkaar of werden er weer bovenop geholpen door Vadertje Staat. Maar tegenwoordig lijken er steeds meer burgers te twijfelen aan die uitgestoken hand. Wil de staat ons wel redden, is het geen verkapte onderdrukking? Historisch gezien is dat wantrouwen een nieuwe ontwikkeling. Eeuwenlang was er helemaal geen overheid en waren we op elkaar aangewezen. Pas met de komst van het koninkrijk in de negentiende eeuw en nieuwe wetten rondom volksgezondheid, rampbestrijding en crisisbeheersing nam de overheid die taken van de burger over. In de loop van de twintigste eeuw werd de rampbestrijding steeds complexer. Of het nu om treinongelukken ging, terroristische aanslagen, overstromingen of rampen zoals de Bijlmerramp en MH17, de overheid probeerde van eerdere crises te leren en nieuwe steeds professioneler te beheersen. Tegelijkertijd namen de verwachtingen, de kritiek en de achterdocht van de burgers toe. Crisis! schetst die historische ontwikkeling en concludeert: is het niet tijd voor een nieuw besef van crisisbeheersing? Beatrice De Graaf (1976) is historicus en faculteitshoogleraar Geesteswetenschappen aan de Universiteit Utrecht. Ze onderzoekt de geschiedenis van terrorisme, oorlog en geweld. Ze treedt regelmatig op als terrorisme-expert en publiceerde recent onder meer Tegen de terreur en Radicale verlossing. In 2018 werd haar werk bekroond met de hoogste Nederlandse wetenschappelijke onderscheiding, de Stevinpremie.
This book throws light on a lesser-known aspect of the history of Western Europe and looks at Germany and the Netherlands as the terrain on which some crucial intelligence battles were fought throughout the last century. Beatrice de Graaf is a historian and assistant professor at the Center for Terrorism and Counterterrorism at Leiden University in the Hague (the Netherlands). Ben de Jong is a historian and lecturer at the Department of Russian and East European studies at the University of Amsterdam (the Netherlands). Wies Platje is a retired lieutenant-commander of the Royal Dutch Navy with a long career in the Netherlands Navy Intelligence Service.
This volume facilitates understanding of the process of reintegration of former detainees with an Islamist extremist background, as well as the role that the police and other frontline workers play in this process.
This book seeks to understand the processes of reintegration of former Jihadist detainees, as well as the role that the police and other frontline professionals play in this process. Over the past few decades the number of people who have been detained under the suspicion of terrorist activities has grown significantly. This has resulted in an increased scholarly interest in the topic of prisons and terrorism. However, the main focus of academic research has been on the period of incarceration with researchers paying extensive attention to the conditions under which terrorists have been detained as well as to various processes of alienation and (violent) radicalisation that sometimes take root while in prison. Much less has been written about the period after their incarceration and the steps being taken to prepare them for that transition. This book seeks to fill this gap. It argues that sentencing or incarcerating terrorism suspects is not the end of the story, but just the beginning of the next phase: a process of reintegration, or the start of a new cycle of violence. This exploratory study outlines the factors during and after detention that contribute or hinder the reintegration of those who have been incarcerated for violent extremism and terrorism. The overriding aim of this work is to facilitate further research into the radicalisation and de-radicalisation of jihadist suspects. This book will be of much interest to students of terrorism and counter-terrorism, Islamist radicalisation, criminology and security studies in general.
Europe was forged out of the ashes of the Napoleonic wars by means of a collective fight against revolutionary terror. The Allied Council created a culture of in- and exclusion, of people that were persecuted and those who were protected, using secret police, black lists, border controls and fortifications, and financed by European capital holders.
This book offers a new model for measuring the success and impact of counterterrorism strategies, using four comparative historical case studies. The effectiveness of counterterrorism measures is hard to assess, especially since the social impact of terrorist attacks is a fundamental and complex issue. This book focuses on the impact of counterterrorist measures by introducing the concept of the performative power of counterterrorism: the extent to which governments mobilize public and political support - thereby sometimes even unwittingly assisting terrorists in creating social drama. The concept is applied to counterterrorism in the Netherlands, Italy, the Federal Republic of Germany and the United States in the 1970s. Based on in-depth case study research using new primary sources and interviews with counterterrorist officials and radicals, a correlation is established between a low level of performative power and a decline of terrorist incidents. This is explored in terms of the link between social drama (as enhanced by counterterrorist measures) and ongoing radicalization processes. This book demonstrates that an increase in visible and intrusive counterterrorist measures does not automatically lead to a more effective form of counterterrorism. In the open democracies of the west, not transforming counterterrorism into a performance of power and repression is at least as important as counterterrorism measures themselves. This book will be of much interest to students of terrorism and counter-terrorism, discourse analysis, media and communication studies, conflict studies and IR/Security Studies in general.
In Supplementary Education, the editors argue that while access to schools that enable and expect academic achievement is a necessary ingredient for the education of students, schools alone may not be sufficient to ensure universally high levels of academic development. Supplemental educational experiences may also be needed. The idea of supplementary education is based on the assumption that high academic achievement is closely associated with exposure to family and community-based activities and learning experiences that occur both in and out of school in support of academic learning. For low income and some ethnic minority student groups, opportunities to participate in such activities are generally under-resourced and underutilized in comparison to the access to and participation in such activities by many European- and Asian- Americans from mid to high socio-economic backgrounds. This book makes the case for supplementary education. Specifically, it focuses on the need for universal access to high levels of academic achievement, and the challenge of reducing the 'achievement gap' that exists between Asian American and European American students and their African American, Latina/o, and Native American counterparts. Having posed the problem, the editors define the construct and provide in-depth descriptions of some of the more colloquial expressions of supplementation in after school care, youth development, and other forms of supplemental education. The editors close with a discussion of the emerging institutionalization and need for more thoughtful and rigorous research of the supplementary education movement.
Standing Up for Something Every Day is written for present and future teachers in the early childhood classroom who truly want to make a difference in the lives of children. Exploring some of the most complex and pressing social and ethical dilemmas confronting early childhood educators, the author provides concrete ways of addressing social justice concerns in practice. Four model teacher-guides accompany readers from chapter to chapter, and demonstrate strategies for standing up for children through ethics, respect for diversity, and commitment to advocacy for children. This book offers important insights, encouragement, and practical suggestions to early childhood educators who are committed to excellence and equity in their classrooms. “In short, this is a book for all who are committed to improving early care and education from the ground up. It is not just for those who already call themselves advocates, but is especially for teachers who may be encouraged through these pages to engage, question, reflect, and act, patiently taking small steps with the resources and support that Fennimore clearly offers. This is a book that informs us about advocacy on many levels, and, most importantly, it invites and inspires us to stand up and act.” —From the foreword by Celia Genishi, Professor Emerita of Education, Department of Curriculum & Teaching, Teachers College, Columbia University Book Features: A focus on classroom life, including relationships with administrators, colleagues, and families. Guidance for following the NAEYC Code of Ethics. Questions for discussion and practical ideas for getting started. Teacher-guides for working in different settings: rural, suburban, and urban. Beatrice S. Fennimore is a professor of education at Indiana University of Pennsylvania in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education.
Inequality has been rising in advanced industrialised countries. At the same time, increased immigration has accentuated the ethnic diversity of those countries. Both developments have created challenges for advanced industrialised countries to integrate immigrants into the country. Immigration and Poverty examines how advanced industrialised countries integrate immigrants into the labour market and welfare state and how this influences immigrant poverty. The main argument draws on insights from two research strands, the comparative welfare state and the migration literature. In brief, this book argues that a country's labour market and welfare system does not directly influence immigrants' poverty but is conditional on immigrants' social rights, here understood as their labour market and welfare state access. Immigration and Poverty argues and shows that it is crucial to embed migration-specific policies within a country's prevailing institutional setting to understand why immigrants fare better in some countries as compared to others.
2009 references to English-language literature published between the late 1800's to 1977. Includes books, chapters, job articles, government publications, special reports, proceedings, Ph. D. dissertations, and pamphlets. Interdisciplinary; covers over 12 fields, including medicine. Classified arrangement. Author, keyword indexes.
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