The transmission mechanism for Canadian monetary policy is the chain of developments that begins with the Bank of Canada's actions in adjusting the supply of settlement balances to financial institutions, traces the effects of these actions on financial markets, and works through the resulting changes in spending, production, employment, and prices. This compilation of papers focuses on the early part of the transmission mechanism: the path between the actions of the Bank of Canada and financial market outcomes. The first paper describes all the stages of the transmission mechanism. This is followed by papers on the implementation of monetary policy by the Bank, including cash management and buy-back techniques; the effect of eliminating reserve requirements; the use of monetary conditions indicators; the links among interest rates, exchange rates, total spending, and inflation; the role of economic projections in monetary policy formulation; and Bank of Canada operations in financial markets.
This report uses a broad range of indicators to assess the individual and collective development progress made by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Building on a previous study released in 2014, it assesses 39 indicators that consider dimensions such as overall human development, gender equality, climate change, and living conditions. The report intends to help policy makers pinpoint priority development interventions and to align strategies to support regional recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. It highlights the need for the 10 ASEAN member states to increase investments in areas such as skills development, education, health, and nutrition.
Rising densities of human settlements, migration and transport to reduce distances to market, and specialization and trade facilitated by fewer international divisions are central to economic development. The transformations along these three dimensions density, distance, and division are most noticeable in North America, Western Europe, and Japan, but countries in Asia and Eastern Europe are changing in ways similar in scope and speed. 'World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography' concludes that these spatial transformations are essential, and should be encouraged. The conclusion is not without controversy. Slum-dwellers now number a billion, but the rush to cities continues. Globalization is believed to benefit many, but not the billion people living in lagging areas of developing nations. High poverty and mortality persist among the world's 'bottom billion', while others grow wealthier and live longer lives. Concern for these three billion often comes with the prescription that growth must be made spatially balanced. The WDR has a different message: economic growth is seldom balanced, and efforts to spread it out prematurely will jeopardize progress. The Report: documents how production becomes more concentrated spatially as economies grow. proposes economic integration as the principle for promoting successful spatial transformations. revisits the debates on urbanization, territorial development, and regional integration and shows how today's developers can reshape economic geography.
This publication sets out a framework for measuring the importance of the digital economy in national and global production processes. Amid the growing interest in the digitalization of socioeconomic activities, there is a lack of consensus on an established framework to estimate the digital economy. This report proposes a definition of the core digital economy and an input-output analytical framework to measure it. Applying this framework to selected economies and years, it finds that the digital economy and digitally dependent industries contribute a significant portion of gross domestic product. It examines key digital economy phenomena and trends in relation to sectoral links, temporal price changes, jobs, global value chains, the COVID-19 pandemic, and Industry 4.0.
This report profiles the roles, performance, market context, and regulatory frameworks of 13 state-owned banks in 10 Pacific countries. A key finding is the considerable business financing gap in the region, particularly for small-medium enterprises and sectors such as agriculture and fisheries. The report suggests that state-owned banks could address this demand, but would need to do so on commercial terms and without distorting local markets. These institutions would need to strengthen their balance sheets and risk assessment practices and operate under the same market disciplines as private banks. Finding Balance 2019 is the sixth comparative study of state-owned enterprises in the Pacific and the first to focus on the banking sector.
This book presents key features, attributes and defining characteristics of Canadian Community Colleges and Institutes of Technology and the lessons they offer to developing countries in Asia. Internationalization initiatives of Community Colleges suggest that partnerships in skills and human capital development are possible in countries at various stages of development and are in fact the hallmark of successful global economies. The publication draws lessons from the Canadian approaches while suggesting that no model can simply be transplanted to Asia and the Pacific. Rather the Canadian approaches should inspire countries to create their own new models and practices.
The "leave no one behind" principle espoused by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development requires measures of progress for different segments of the population. This entails detailed disaggregated data to identify subgroups that might be falling behind, to ensure progress toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Asian Development Bank and the Statistics Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs developed this practical guidebook with tools to collect, compile, analyze, and disseminate disaggregated data. It also provides materials on issues and experiences of countries regarding data disaggregation for the SDGs. This guidebook is for statisticians and analysts from planning and sector ministries involved in the production, analysis, and communication of disaggregated data.
This report illustrates the current state of inclusive business (IB) models in the Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) economies, particularly the market potentials, constraints, and necessary policy instruments for an enabling environment for IB. A profile of IB initiatives, the overview of the base of the pyramid market size, and the IB ecosystem in each APEC economy as well as a recommended a framework to guide future work on IB under the APEC regional economic cooperation agenda are also included in this report.
In order to minimize the need for taxpayers to respond to multiple revenue agencies, some countries have integrated their revenue administrations, either by merging tax and customs administration, or unifying collection of tax and social contributions. This book examines the experience of 11 countries in doing so. Their experiences indicate that integrating collection entails modernizing the revenue administration and reducing contact between the tax office and taxpayers, thanks to the extensive use of ICT.
Twelfth in a series of annual reports comparing business regulation in 189 economies, Doing Business 2015 measures regulations affecting 10 areas of everyday business activity: Starting a business Dealing with construction permits Getting electricity Registering property Getting credit Protecting minority investors Paying taxes Trading across borders Enforcing contracts Resolving insolvency Labor market regulations This year's report will present data for a second city for the 11 economies with more than 100 million inhabitants. These are Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Russian Federation, and the United States. Three of the 10 topics covered have been expanded, with further plans to expand on five additional indicators in next year's report. Additionally, the Doing Business rankings are now based on the distance to the frontier measure where each economy is evaluated based on how close their business regulations are to the best global practices. This provides a more precise view of each economy's performance and its improvement over time. The report updates all indicators as of June 1, 2014, ranks economies on their overall 'ease of doing business,' and analyzes reforms to business regulation identifying which economies are strengthening their business environment the most. Doing Business illustrates how reforms in business regulations are being used to analyze economic outcomes for domestic entrepreneurs and for the wider economy. It is a flagship product produced in partnership by the World Bank and IFC that garners worldwide attention on regulatory barriers to entrepreneurship. More than 60 economies have used the Doing Business indicators to shape reform agendas and monitor improvements on the ground. In addition, the Doing Business data has generated over 2,000 articles in peer-reviewed academic journals since its inception.
The use of results-based budget management (RBBM) is well established around the world as a concept. RBBM is intended to hold managers to account for their role in organizing the supply of goods and services to the public, and to enforce a regular review of the effectiveness of government expenditure programs. However, there would appear to be significant gaps between concept and implementation. In order for governments to gauge policy effectiveness, a statistical framework must be developed to define outputs and outcome indicators. This publication examines a select group of countries that have led the use of RBMM. It also identifies weaknesses in their implementation from a statistical analysis perspective and suggests guidelines for the development of output descriptions, output indicators, and outcome indicators.
This new annual publication from the World Bank Group provides an overview and assessment of financial sector development around the world, with particular attention on medium- and low-income countries.
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