Carbon markets – both emission trading systems and baseline and credit systems – are an increasingly common policy instrument being introduced to address climate change mitigation. However, their design is crucial to ensure that they deliver cost-effective emission reductions while maintaining environmental integrity. This Element puts together a comprehensive, principle-based overview of the risks and abuses to environmental integrity and cost effectiveness that have emerged for carbon markets at all jurisdictional levels around the world, provides concrete examples, and offers effective policy and governance solutions to overcome such risks. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
China is now the lender of first resort for much of the developing world, but Beijing has fueled speculation among policymakers, scholars, and journalists by shrouding its grant-giving and lending activities in secrecy. Introducing a systematic and transparent method of tracking Chinese development projects around the world, this book explains Beijing's motives and analyzes the intended and unintended effects of its overseas investments. Whereas China almost exclusively provided aid during the twentieth century, its twenty-first century transition from 'benefactor' to 'banker' has had far-reaching impacts in low-income and middle-income countries that are not widely understood. Its use of debt rather than aid to bankroll big-ticket infrastructure projects creates new opportunities for developing countries to achieve rapid socio-economic gains, but it has also introduced major risks, such as corruption, political capture, and conflict. This book will be of interest to policymakers, students and scholars of international political economy, Chinese politics and foreign policy, economic development, and international relations.
Trades of money for political influence persist at every level of government. Not surprisingly, governments themselves trade money for political support on the international stage. Strange, however, is the tale of this book. For, in this study, legitimacy stands as the central political commodity at stake. The book investigates the ways governments trade money for favors at the United Nations Security Council - the body endowed with the international legal authority to legitimize the use of armed force to maintain or restore peace. With a wealth of quantitative data, the book shows that powerful countries, such as the United States, Japan, and Germany, extend financial favors to the elected members of the Security Council through direct foreign aid and through international organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. In return, developing countries serving on the Security Council must deliver their political support ... or face the consequences.
In Germany, development cooperation is the policy field with the longest tradition in evaluation. All major German organisations in development cooperation use the instrument of evaluation - however, to different degrees with regard to qualitative and quantitative aspects. This study on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) analyses methodically analyses the way the different organisations evaluate, how much they know about the impact of their projects and programmes, and if or how their evaluation systems can be integrated a larger whole. Until now, there has been no comparable analysis, neither in other German policy fields nor in development cooperation of other European countries. Axel Borrmann arbeitet als Senior Economist im Hamburgischen WeltWirtschaftsInstitut (HWWI) (www.hwwi.org). Schwerpunkte seiner Forschungsarbeit sind internationale Handels- und Entwicklungspolitik sowie Entwicklungszusammenarbeit. Er ist als Gutachter für zahlreiche nationale und internationale Organisationen tätig. Axel Borrmann is Research associate at the Hamburg Institute of International Economics (www.hwwi.org). His main areas of research are international trade and development policy and development cooperation. He has been working as an expert for numerous national and international organisations.
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