Good water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services protect health and the environment. Such services are particularly important in schools to instill lifelong proper hygiene habits in children and provide them access to the requisite facilities. Many schools in Mongolia face significant challenges in improving WASH due to physical and demographic conditions. The country’s harsh winters require sustainable WASH facilities that can withstand extended periods of below-freezing temperatures. This publication provides essential information for national and local administrators, engineers, field practitioners, and policy makers to plan, implement, and manage improved WASH in schools, particularly in small and isolated rural settlements. It covers WASH standards and norms, design and technology options, operation and maintenance, hygiene education approaches, and cost estimation.
This report presents the impact evaluation of a grant project administered by the Asian Development Bank to improve the school dormitory environment for primary students in western Mongolia. It describes the methodology of the impact evaluation and discusses the findings of the baseline survey of dormitories, schools, and related circumstances during the school year 2016-2017. The survey also covered student attendance, levels of participation in studies and extracurricular activities, and grade test scores. Recommendations are provided for preparing an endline survey to measure impacts of the grant project in the school year 2020-2021.
Good water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services protect health and the environment. Such services are particularly important in schools to instill lifelong proper hygiene habits in children and provide them access to the requisite facilities. Many schools in Mongolia face significant challenges in improving WASH due to physical and demographic conditions. The country’s harsh winters require sustainable WASH facilities that can withstand extended periods of below-freezing temperatures. This publication provides essential information for national and local administrators, engineers, field practitioners, and policy makers to plan, implement, and manage improved WASH in schools, particularly in small and isolated rural settlements. It covers WASH standards and norms, design and technology options, operation and maintenance, hygiene education approaches, and cost estimation.
The Proceedings in this volume are a refereed selection of presentations from The Third Asia-Pacific EPR/ESR Symposium (APES'01), held in Kobe, Japan from October 29 to November 1, 2001. Participants from 20 countries from Asia, Australia, Europe, North and South America presented 210 papers, of which 132 are included here. These Proceedings are also a blueprint for development of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) / electron spin resonance (ESR) in the Asia-Pacific region in the 21st century. The Symposium reflected a variety of research fields developed over half a century and focuses especially on the most recent developments, such as high-field and high-frequency EPR, which are envisaged to be further developed and applied to various fields in the 21st century. All sessions consisted of Plenary, Invited and Contributed presentations. The Plenary presentations aimed at summarizing the overall developments. Invited presentations, reviewing the most recent developments, and Contributed ones, dealing with original research recently carried out in the EPR/ESR area, were given in one of three parallel sessions. The unique research works presented cover various fields and reflect the existing diversity of applications of the EPR/ESR techniques.
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