The book is a modern take on the subject of the tribes and other socio-ethnic groups that inhabit Pakistan within the wider academic framework in the field of social sciences. While there has already been work carried out on the Pashtun and Afghan tribal territories and peoples, this text describes in detail the tribal societies of the whole of Pakistan–their origins, history, social profile and administrative structure. It also discusses these issues within the context of the areas’ geostrategic significance, historical processes, social ideology and institutional structure. The narrative promotes an understanding of the disruptive effects of external and internal factors and the distortions caused in these societies by the introduction of institutional, legal, political and social reforms which failed to take into account their deep-seated cultural sensitivities. It utilizes a wide variety of sources—both modern and old–to present a concise work on an extremely complex and detailed topic dealing with caste, ethnicity, socio-economic status, and tribal enmities and affinities. The book contains maps of the areas along with brief geo-specific descriptions to acquaint the reader with the terrain and topography of the region, which play an important role in the lives of these societies.
Approximately half of the irrigated area of Iran falls under different types of salt-affected soils and average yield losses may be as high as 50 percent. Slightly and moderately salt-affected soils are mostly found on the piedmonts at the foot of the Elburz (Alborz) Mountains in the northern part of the country. The soils having severe to extreme salinity are predominantly located in the Central Plateau, the Khuzestan and Southern Coastal Plains and the Caspian Coastal Plain. The process of salinization of the surface water resources is mainly due to natural conditions, and to a lesser extent, to the discharge of drainage water into the river systems. Estimates show that about 6.7 km3 of brackish water flow annually through 12 major rivers. There is no straightforward solution to the complex problems of salt-induced soil and water resources degradation in Iran. The approaches addressing the management of these resources need to be multidimensional and must take into account biophysical and environmental conditions of the target areas as well as livelihood aspects of the associated communities.
Thank you for visiting our website. Would you like to provide feedback on how we could improve your experience?
This site does not use any third party cookies with one exception — it uses cookies from Google to deliver its services and to analyze traffic.Learn More.