What changes are occurring at the macro and the sectoral levels, how the labour market changes are taking place and what impact is felt on the low income households are some of the questions that the present volume focuses on. It begins by examining the sectoral composition of growth, revisiting the issues related to industry-services balance, and also brings out the spatial dimension of growth. On the one hand the industry does not seem to have played a major role in the context of employment generation as imported technology is by and large capital intensive in nature. On the other hand, the services-led growth is seen to have reduced the pace of poverty reduction. Given the services-led growth the possible impact of trade in services on employment both in the formal and informal sectors have been worked out, indicating limited positive spill-over effects. The labour market outcomes are brought out with great details suggesting that rapid economic growth in India could not result in productive employment generation on a large scale. The gender dimensions of employment are brought out to verify if reduction in labour market inequality can result in improving the position of women in other spheres encompassing the decision making process both within the household and outside the household. Issues relating to urbanisation and rural-urban migration are also covered to understand the dynamics of urban poverty and to bring out the challenges of population transfer given the spatial concentration of growth. The job search practices pursued by the low income households are often pursued in terms of informal networks. What problems are associated with such mechanisms in experiencing improvements in wellbeing levels are covered in the present volume. On the whole, the volume offers an explanation of limited poverty reduction in a situation of rapid economic growth on the basis of an inter-disciplinary framework though efforts are being made to keep the methodology quantitatively rigorous.
The book explores, for India and other developing countries, the potential role the organized manufacturing sector could play as an engine of growth. Alongside growth, can this sector generate adequate employment opportunities to facilitate the transfer of labour from the agriculture sector? The book identifies the major constraints that result in limited demand for labour in the organised manufacturing sector. Beyond technological aspects, skill shortage is an important factor, resulting in sluggish labour absorption. Further, the labour market laws are not necessarily the root cause of sluggish employment growth in the organised manufacturing sector. The development of technologies that are appropriate for labour surplus countries like India is instrumental to employment creation. Though innovation is generally assumed to be capital-intensive in nature, the book argues that innovation nevertheless has a positive effect on employment in absolute terms. Lastly, the main policy issues are highlighted in terms of the priority that should be assigned to industries which can contribute to employment growth and skill formation for improving the employability of the available labour force, and to which innovations should be pursued, with a specific focus on pro-poor growth objectives.
This collection of 70 poems captures the various facets of poverty. Whether it is in the context of employment, shelter, food, water, education and health, or it is in reference to self-respect and identity, these poems reflect the trials and tribulations of the poor and deprived.
This book uses the state-level panel data to identify some of the important correlates of employment growth/elasticity and indicators of quality-employment. To do so, it considers a wide spectrum of variables including physical, financial and social infrastructure specific indicators and government spending in certain key areas. In addition to the aggregate employment, the book also comprises analysis of different sectors, regions and gender categories. Based on the results, it identifies crucial determinants which bear important policy implications. The book presents evidence showcasing how the overall investment climate and an effective state, as envisaged in terms of increased social expenditure, are instrumental to improvements in employment elasticity. The findings also reinforce the role of industry-led growth and agglomeration economies in contributing to employment growth. Besides, based on the unit-level data from the periodic labour force surveys, the book tries to answer a wide range of questions such as, what restricts a person from getting absorbed in a high productivity activity; within a given sector why one is in a casual or self-employed job and not in regular wage job; are casual wage jobs in the informal sector different from those in the formal sector; and why the wage variations exist across sectors and activities. The three rounds of periodic labour force surveys reflect on certain individual and household characteristics; in particular, the role of education is seen to be crucial in determining the occupational choice and the wage rate. Finally, the book focuses on the enterprise-level data and identifies the types of units which are vulnerable within the unorganized sector. It assesses the links of the unorganized sector units with their organised sector counterpart and identifies the factors which reduce the economic viability of the units.
The findings of the latest round of the National Family Health Survey (i.e. NFHS-5) conducted in 2019-20 covering 22 States/UTs under phase-I present a somewhat disappointing picture of children’s health in India. The majority of the experts, based on prima facie evidence, just highlighted the deteriorating sign of child health in terms of an increase in the proportion of stunted and underweight children in most of the phase-I states/UTs over the last two rounds of NFHS (2015-16 to 2019-20). Several authors concluded that the poorer child health outcomes during the last five years are either due to economic slowdown, deteriorating public health care systems, or due to adverse effects of poverty, unemployment, and the economic shocks India experienced.
This book focuses on the gender-specific labour force participation rates across regions in India and identifies its most important determinants. Before concentrating on the Indian context, it examines the participation rates of various countries in the Asia-Pacific region. Not unexpectedly, the study shows that the rate is significantly lower for females than for males in this region. The rural–urban differentials are more pronounced and the inter-state variations are more sizable among females than males. Even in large cities, the female labour market participation is lower than that in the rural areas despite higher levels of education. However, in terms of inter-spatial (rural/urban/city) variations, the impact of infrastructure, education, health and urbanization on the labour force participation of both genders is quite distinct. On the whole, the study reinforces the stance that women’s participation in productive activities has a doubly positive impact; it not only raises the household income, but also contributes to the wellbeing of the household. These findings are important from a policy perspective, as different infrastructure variables are confirmed to improve both participation and labour productivity. As such, the book offers a valuable resource not only for researchers, but also for NGOs and policymakers.
What thoughts cannot conceive, what words cannot express or what feelings cannot describe, revolves around the spirit of the poesy. The inner urge waits for that moment when the entire existence blooms like a lotus with the first ray of light. Super-consciousness has been personified as the mystic you and its inter-play with the self is realised at the realms of beauty that nature unfolds every moment. It is a collection of poems, mostly dealing with the struggle of life to rise above the daily trifles and reach the ocean of eternity. The poet: Arup Mitra is Professor of Economics at the Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi. His research interest lies in issues related to socio-economic development, literature, mysticism, spiritualism and temple-dance. His other major work in the field of literature includes collection of poems and fiction.
This Volume Comprises About Seventy Poems Mostly Reflecting The Desire Of The Poet S Subconscious Mind To Reach That Component Of Truth, Which Remains Beyond The Experiences Of The Senses. To Reach The Bottom Of The Ocean, To Look Beyond The Starry Breast Of The Sky, To Feel The Compassion In The Eyes Of The Statue, And To Understand The Cause Of An Action Beyond What Is Usually Identified, Encompass The Orbit Of The Poet S Journey, Be It In The World Of Existentialism, Or Mysticism Or Spiritualism Or A Peculiar Mixture Of All. Notwithstanding The Variation In Themes Most Of The Poems Have A Tendency To Unite Themselves In A Garland Expressing The Passion To Pursue The Struggle In Search Of The Lotus Feet. Three Sub-Sections Representing Yearning, Merging And Berating (And Social Realism) Are Included Under The Titles Looking Beyond The Horizon, Waves Of Joy And Against The Dishonour Respectively. A Large Majority Of The Poems, Of Course, Fall Into The First Two Categories, Providing Justification To The Selection Of The Title Of The Volume.
The book examines how corruption is viewed in theoretical and empirical literature and how various macro- and micro-level approaches have been followed to study the issue. It offers an inter-country comparison of corruption, indicating the role of governance in the context of growth. The volume attempts to work out the extent of understatement of personal income, resulting in the loss of government revenue from personal income tax. It also examines the impact of corruption on performance, and studies determinants of bribery in an attempt to understand why some firms pay bribes while others do not, despite being subject to the same macroeconomic environment, policy and regulations.
It Is A Story Written In The Form Of A Letter From A Son To His Mother. It Unravels The Sufferings Of The Mother That The Son Recounts At A Special Moment Of His Life. Through A Particular Case The Narration Sings The Melody Of Several Unsung Words Of Misery Of Countless Indian Women, Who Have Either Passed Away Or Still Continue To Dwell In Misfortune. Even In The Midst Of Affluence They Stand As The Most Helpless Lot. The Story Unfolds Some Of The Basic Causes Of Their Vulnerability And Implicitly Highlights The Means And Ways To Their Empowerment. That It Is Better To Be Exploited In The Labour Market Than At Home Is Reflected In The Analysis. The Text Carries Out A Psychological Analysis Of The Characters And Tries To Capture The Dilemmas, Conflicts, Disturbances And The Struggle Of The Human Mind To Retain Peace. It Ends With A Note Of Optimism As It Unfolds The Journey Of Life From The Domestic To The Eternal And Celebrates The Resilience Of The Human Spirit, Which Ultimately Remains Beyond All Sufferings And Sorrow. What Is Transient Meets Its End But Only To Rise Again In The Sky Of Eternity, Light And Hope.
This book assesses the capacity of the rural populace in terms of their ability to perceive a change in climatic variables and, if so, how they react to these changes in order to minimize the adverse effect of climate change. It evaluates the role of education and exposure to change in physiological variables like temperature, precipitation, etc., in forming the right perception of climate change. While analysing livelihood diversification as a strategy to cope with climate change concerns across geography (districts), caste, education and the primary occupation of the households, the book also considers factors affecting diversification. One important aspect of well-being is consumption; thus, by focusing on consumption changes over time and relating it to livelihood diversification, the book makes an in-depth analysis of the coping mechanisms. Diversification adopted in the face of compulsion and in a situation of stagnancy may result in a range of low productivity activities, whereas diversification as an attempt to explore newer pathways in a vibrant context to reduce income risks and smooth consumption can be highly beneficial. The book, thus, focuses on job profile and occupational diversification of the sample households, the extent of instability in occupations and the distribution of households in terms of consumption pattern, the inter-temporal changes in it and the determinants. The book is useful for researchers, students in environmental studies, policy-makers, NGOs and also the common reader who wants to understand climate change, its effects on livelihoods and ways to overcome the shocks. It reflects on effective policies which can create awareness and empower people to explore opportunities for livelihood creation so that the overall is sustained if not improved.
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