This review covers work published in the calendar year 2012. Novel reaction chemistry and new ring synthetic methods for pyrans, [1]benzopyrans, dihydro[1]benzopyrans (chromenes, chromans), [2]benzopyrans, dihydro[2]benzopyrans (isochromenes, isochromans), pyranones, coumarins, chromones, xanthenes, xanthones, thiopyrans, dioxins, dioxanes, trioxanes, tetraoxanes, dithianes, trithianes, and oxathianes are reviewed.
This review covers work published in the calendar year 2012. Novel reaction chemistry and new ring synthetic methods for pyrans, [1]benzopyrans, dihydro[1]benzopyrans (chromenes, chromans), [2]benzopyrans, dihydro[2]benzopyrans (isochromenes, isochromans), pyranones, coumarins, chromones, xanthenes, xanthones, thiopyrans, dioxins, dioxanes, trioxanes, tetraoxanes, dithianes, trithianes, and oxathianes are reviewed.
Human Organs-on-Chip: Novel Organ-on-a-Chip Techniques in Medicine paves the way for novel approaches that push forward in-vitro and in-vivo studies and fills a gap between laboratory and clinical use. These experienced authors share the knowledge they've developed with over a decade of experience and research with organ-on-chips and multi-organ-on-chips. This book collects all of the developments in the field and sheds new light on possibilities to develop human on-chip measurement methods with the utilization of currently available measurement techniques including both invasive and non-invasive tests. Human Organs-on-Chip: Novel Organ-on-a-Chip Techniques in Medicine serves as a starting point for young researchers who are beginning their scientific journeys. - Provides an overview of the progress suborgan-on-chips development has made in recent years - Introduces the fundamentals needed to understand lab-on-chip ideas with references and in-depth explanations - Presents commercial achievements obtained and future perspectives
This paper suggests that the environmental and commercial features of shale gas extraction do not warrant a significantly different fiscal regime than recommended for conventional gas. Fiscal policies may have a role in addressing some environmental risks (e.g., greenhouse gases, scarce water, local air pollution) though in some cases their net benefits may be modest. Simulation analyses suggest, moreover, that special fiscal regimes are generally less important than other factors in determining shale gas investments (hence there appears little need for them), yet they forego significant revenues.
This book examines modern methods of creating models and measures in measurements, physical and probabilistic measures, models, spaces and bases of signals and fields, deterministic and probabilistic models and measures of angular quantities. Examples of their use on a circle and in phase measurements are given; models and measures for diagnostics in the electric power industry, in standardless measurements of the characteristics of composite materials, in environmental pollution monitoring systems, also with using unmanned aerial vehicles, are considered. Most of the presented results were obtained on the basis of the Institute of Engineering Thermophysics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The book is intended for researchers, engineers, as well as lecturers, graduate students and students of higher educational institutions dealing with the problems of measurements, monitoring and diagnostics of complex technical objects.
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