The prevalence of preeclampsia (PE), a pregnancy-specific hypertensive disorder, is significantly higher in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) than in non-diabetic women. Observational studies, mostly cross-sectional in non-diabetic women, have associated higher levels of oxidative stress and lower antioxidant enzymes and vitamins in PE cases versus controls. The prospective study reported by our group is the first to correlate α- and β-carotene deficiencies in pregnant T1DM women with subsequent development of PE. Among antioxidant nutrients of interest in PE, vitamins C and E have been most extensively studied in experimental models and clinical trials. The largest clinical trial on vitamins C and E supplementation in women with T1DM revealed no overall reduction in risk for PE, but a significant reduction was found in the subgroup of women with low baseline levels of these vitamins. Emerging research shows potential effects for l-arginine, a combination of B vitamins and trace minerals, and vitamin D in reducing risk for PE, although their effects in pregnancies complicated by diabetes remain to be clarified.
The prevalence of preeclampsia (PE), a pregnancy-specific hypertensive disorder, is significantly higher in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) than in non-diabetic women. Observational studies, mostly cross-sectional in non-diabetic women, have associated higher levels of oxidative stress and lower antioxidant enzymes and vitamins in PE cases versus controls. The prospective study reported by our group is the first to correlate α- and β-carotene deficiencies in pregnant T1DM women with subsequent development of PE. Among antioxidant nutrients of interest in PE, vitamins C and E have been most extensively studied in experimental models and clinical trials. The largest clinical trial on vitamins C and E supplementation in women with T1DM revealed no overall reduction in risk for PE, but a significant reduction was found in the subgroup of women with low baseline levels of these vitamins. Emerging research shows potential effects for l-arginine, a combination of B vitamins and trace minerals, and vitamin D in reducing risk for PE, although their effects in pregnancies complicated by diabetes remain to be clarified.
This book examines India’s ten years of experience developing Special Economic Zones (SEZs) and the performance of SEZs in the context of India’s growing international engagement, its endeavours to attract domestic and foreign investment in manufacturing and services and its aim to increase and diversify exports of goods and services. SEZs are industrial enclaves/clusters within a country that receive certain incentives and business facilitation benefits that are not generally available to the rest of the country. To facilitate private and foreign investment in SEZs, India introduced the SEZ policy in 2000, which was followed by the SEZ Act in 2005. After ten years under the Act, India now has one of the largest number of approved SEZs in the world and its SEZ policy remains heatedly debated, with a number of studies arguing both for and against it. Given this background, the book also identifies the challenges faced by SEZs in India and offers policy recommendations on how to make the SEZs an engine for India’s economic growth and development that can more effectively link the country’s manufacturing and services sectors to global value chains.
This book highlights the development disparities in India and considers three complex areas of development – economic wellbeing, human progress and agricultural development – over a period of forty years since the 1970s. The novelty of the book lies in is its rich analytical foundation and the use of sophisticated statistical and economic tools to determine the causes of socioeconomic disparity between Indian states. The trends of inequality, polarization and disparity are highlighted with regard to income, human development indicators and agricultural production and productivity. The book also identifies the factors underlying divergence in economic and social activity in India and provides policy suggestions for bringing about more balanced and inclusive development in India.
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