Presenting new insights into reciprocity, this book combines Marcel Mauss’s well-known gift theory with Barrington Moore’s idea of mutual obligations linking rulers and the ruled. Teasing out the interrelatedness of these approaches, Reciprocity in Human Societies suggests that evolutionary psychology reveals a human tendency for reciprocity and collaboration, not only in a mutually cooperative way but also through increasing retributive moral emotions. The book discusses various historical societies and the different models of the current welfare state—Nordic (social democratic), conservative, and liberal— and the repercussions of the neoliberal policies of tax havens, tax cuts, and austerity with a cross-disciplinary approach that bridges evolutionary psychology, sociology, and social anthropology with history.
The relationship of the crown and the nobility with the peasants in the 17th century Sweden (Finland) is addressed from the perspective of taxation. Around the middle of 17th century most of the land under the authority of the crown had been donated to the nobles, until King Charles XI began to resituate these tax-payers to the crown in the 1680's. Taxation was based on a kind of social contract, combining the concept of the power state based on the subordination of its subject with the mutual interaction of the latter and those in power. The subjects also had recognised rights in society and they demanded that their superiors abide by the social contract. The peasants neither revolted openly nor did they submit. Instead, their means of securing their interests ranged from loyal allegiance to means of pressure bordering on open resistance. The major disadvantages posed by taxation for them could not, however, be rectified in this manner. The Great Northern War that broke out in 1700 proved to be a burden that was too heavy for Swedish society.
The relationship of the crown and the nobility with the peasants in the 17th century Sweden (Finland) is addressed from the perspective of taxation. Around the middle of 17th century most of the land under the authority of the crown had been donated to the nobles, until King Charles XI began to resituate these tax-payers to the crown in the 1680's. Taxation was based on a kind of social contract, combining the concept of the power state based on the subordination of its subject with the mutual interaction of the latter and those in power. The subjects also had recognised rights in society and they demanded that their superiors abide by the social contract. The peasants neither revolted openly nor did they submit. Instead, their means of securing their interests ranged from loyal allegiance to means of pressure bordering on open resistance. The major disadvantages posed by taxation for them could not, however, be rectified in this manner. The Great Northern War that broke out in 1700 proved to be a burden that was too heavy for Swedish society.
One man's search for his missing wife in a dystopian futuristic Helsinki that is struggling with ruthless climate change. Tapani takes desperate measures in order to find his true love. Written in an engrossingly dense but minimal language.
Presenting new insights into reciprocity, this book combines Marcel Mauss’s well-known gift theory with Barrington Moore’s idea of mutual obligations linking rulers and the ruled. Teasing out the interrelatedness of these approaches, Reciprocity in Human Societies suggests that evolutionary psychology reveals a human tendency for reciprocity and collaboration, not only in a mutually cooperative way but also through increasing retributive moral emotions. The book discusses various historical societies and the different models of the current welfare state—Nordic (social democratic), conservative, and liberal— and the repercussions of the neoliberal policies of tax havens, tax cuts, and austerity with a cross-disciplinary approach that bridges evolutionary psychology, sociology, and social anthropology with history.
This book demonstrates in detail all phases of the 9th National Forest Inventory of Finland (1996–2003): the planning of the sampling design, measurements, estimation methods and results. The inventory knowledge accumulated during almost one hundred years is consolidated in the book. The purpose of the numerous examples of results is to demonstrate the diversity of the estimates and content of a national forest inventory. The most recent results include the assessment of the indicators describing the biodiversity of forests. The Finnish NFI has been and is a model for many countries worldwide. The methods and results of the book are set in the international context and are applicable globally. The book provides a valuable information source for countries, institutions and researchers planning own inventories as well as modifying the existing ones, or seeking the applicable definitions and estimation methods to use in their own inventories.
The relationship of the crown and the nobility with the peasants in the 17th century Sweden (Finland) is addressed from the perspective of taxation. Around the middle of 17th century most of the land under the authority of the crown had been donated to the nobles, until King Charles XI began to resituate these tax-payers to the crown in the 1680's. Taxation was based on a kind of social contract, combining the concept of the power state based on the subordination of its subject with the mutual interaction of the latter and those in power. The subjects also had recognised rights in society and they demanded that their superiors abide by the social contract. The peasants neither revolted openly nor did they submit. Instead, their means of securing their interests ranged from loyal allegiance to means of pressure bordering on open resistance. The major disadvantages posed by taxation for them could not, however, be rectified in this manner. The Great Northern War that broke out in 1700 proved to be a burden that was too heavy for Swedish society.
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