The Marquis de Lafayette—the Frenchman who fought in the American Revolution—was the only foreigner to hold a major position among the Founding Fathers of the new nation. From his arrival in 1777 until, a century and a half later, the words “Lafayette, we are here!” stirred support for American intervention in World War I, the evolving image of Lafayette reflected popular opinion on various domestic and foreign issues. Emblem of Liberty, the first comprehensive survey of Lafayette as a symbolic figure in American intellectual history, examines the compound image of the man and the ideas he represented. Professor Anne C. Loveland has based this wide-ranging study upon the massive Lafayette manuscript collection at Cornell University as well as a great variety of other sources. Lafayette was popularly regarded as a model patriot aiding the cause of liberty and mankind—an example of the public and private virtue necessary to the perpetuation of the American republic. He was also seen as benefactor and later patriarch of the United States, a Founding Father who served as judge of the success or failure of the republican experiment. In addition as leader for a time of the French Revolution and as the friend of liberal revolutions abroad, Lafayette was viewed as the agent of the American mission, carrying the example of republican government to oppressed peoples around the world. Lafayette’s “Triumphal Tour” of the United States in 1824–1825 contributed to a revival of republicanism, a lessening of the factional and section strife which appeared to threaten the young nation’s stability, a renewed sense of the American mission. After his return to France, Lafayette continued to exert an influence on American popular thought. His correspondence with friends in the United States reveals their concern with slavery, nullification, and other sectional issues, as well as their increasingly stereotyped reaction to revolutions, particularly the French Revolution of 1830. The Marquis died in 1834, but his image was employed for nearly a century longer to arouse patriotic fervor and to unite Americans in what was viewed as an international mission to spread liberty and justice.
Army chaplains have long played an integral part in America’s armed forces. In addition to conducting chapel activities on military installations and providing moral and spiritual support on the battlefield, they conduct memorial services for fallen soldiers, minister to survivors, offer counsel on everything from troubled marriages to military bureaucracy, and serve as families’ points of contact for wounded or deceased soldiers—all while risking the dangers of combat alongside their troops. In this thoughtful study, Anne C. Loveland examines the role of the army chaplain since World War II, revealing how the corps has evolved in the wake of cultural and religious upheaval in American society and momentous changes in U.S. strategic relations, warfare, and weaponry. From 1945 to the present, Loveland shows, army chaplains faced several crises that reshaped their roles over time. She chronicles the chaplains’ initiation of the Character Guidance program as a remedy for the soaring rate of venereal disease among soldiers in occupied Europe and Japan after World War II, as well as chaplains’ response to the challenge of increasing secularism and religious pluralism during the “culture wars” of the Vietnam Era.“Religious accommodation,” evangelism and proselytizing, public prayer, and “spiritual fitness”provoked heated controversy among chaplains as well as civilians in the ensuing decades. Then, early in the twenty-first century, chaplains themselves experienced two crisis situations: one the result of the Vietnam-era antichaplain critique, the other a consequence of increasing religious pluralism, secularization, and sectarianism within the Chaplain Corps, as well as in the army and the civilian religious community. By focusing on army chaplains’ evolving, sometimes conflict-ridden relations with military leaders and soldiers on the one hand and the civilian religious community on the other, Loveland reveals how religious trends over the past six decades have impacted the corps and, in turn, helped shape American military culture.
In the American South at the turn of the twentieth century, the legal segregation of the races and psychological sciences focused on selfhood emerged simultaneously. The two developments presented conflicting views of human nature. American psychiatry and
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