Ozone is a phytotoxic air pollutant, impairing photosynthesis and reducing plant growth. The predicted increase in tropospheric ozone concentration could lead to an increased vulnerability of forests, mitigating carbon sink strength of vegetation under the increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. To improve European risk indices, currently based on atmospheric O3 concentration (i.e. O3 exposure), it is necessary to assess the phytotoxic ozone dose, reflecting the balance between stomatal ozone uptake and detoxification capacity of foliar cells. Advancing knowledge on plant response mechanisms would allow for integrating a sub-model into global ozone impact prediction models towards consolidating process-based indices for risk assessment. Crucial parameters are (i) stomatal characteristics, (ii) constitutive detoxification potential, (iii) capacity for antioxidant regeneration and (iv) cellular redox power. The combination of ozone with other impacting factors (drought, high temperature and CO2) will be discussed in view of the challenge of scaling tree-level ozone responses to the forest ecosystem level under conditions of climate change.
After decades of economic integration and EU enlargement, the economic geography of Europe has shifted, with new peripheries emerging and the core showing signs of fragmentation. This book examines the paths of the core and peripheral countries, with a focus on their diverse productive capabilities and their interdependence. Crisis in the European Monetary Union: A Core-Periphery Perspective provides a new framework for analysing the economic crisis that has shaken the Eurozone countries. Its analysis goes beyond the short-term, to study the medium and long-term relations between ‘core’ countries (particularly Germany) and Southern European ‘peripheral’ countries. The authors argue that long-term sustainability means assigning the state a key role in guiding investment, which in turn implies industrial policies geared towards diversifying, innovating and strengthening the economic structures of peripheral countries to help them thrive. Offering a fresh angle on the European crisis, this volume will appeal to students, academics and policymakers interested in the past, present and future construction of Europe.
Ozone is a phytotoxic air pollutant, impairing photosynthesis and reducing plant growth. The predicted increase in tropospheric ozone concentration could lead to an increased vulnerability of forests, mitigating carbon sink strength of vegetation under the increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. To improve European risk indices, currently based on atmospheric O3 concentration (i.e. O3 exposure), it is necessary to assess the phytotoxic ozone dose, reflecting the balance between stomatal ozone uptake and detoxification capacity of foliar cells. Advancing knowledge on plant response mechanisms would allow for integrating a sub-model into global ozone impact prediction models towards consolidating process-based indices for risk assessment. Crucial parameters are (i) stomatal characteristics, (ii) constitutive detoxification potential, (iii) capacity for antioxidant regeneration and (iv) cellular redox power. The combination of ozone with other impacting factors (drought, high temperature and CO2) will be discussed in view of the challenge of scaling tree-level ozone responses to the forest ecosystem level under conditions of climate change.
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