The answer to the question "How can we understand and use a definition?" provides new constraints on natural language and on the internal language in which meaning is mentally represented. Most syntax takes the sentence as the basic unit for well-formedness, but definitions force us to focus on words and phrases, and hence to focus on compositional syntax in parallel with compositional semantics. This study examines both dictionary definitions and definitions from textbooks, from the points of view of their syntax, semantics, and use for learning word meaning. The tools used throughout are Principles and Parameters syntax, Relevance theoretic pragmatics, Model theoretic semantics, and the formal theory of definitions. The analyses argue that because phrases can be understood in isolation, some standard syntactic analyses must be modified. 'NP movement' has to be reanalysed as transmission of theta roles. These ideas are then applied to a variety of adjectives which take propositional complements. The final chapter argues that for definitions to be understood, the syntax of the Language of Thought must be close to that of Natural Language in specifiable way.
The answer to the question "How can we understand and use a definition?" provides new constraints on natural language and on the internal language in which meaning is mentally represented. Most syntax takes the sentence as the basic unit for well-formedness, but definitions force us to focus on words and phrases, and hence to focus on compositional syntax in parallel with compositional semantics. This study examines both dictionary definitions and definitions from textbooks, from the points of view of their syntax, semantics, and use for learning word meaning. The tools used throughout are Principles and Parameters syntax, Relevance theoretic pragmatics, Model theoretic semantics, and the formal theory of definitions. The analyses argue that because phrases can be understood in isolation, some standard syntactic analyses must be modified. 'NP movement' has to be reanalysed as transmission of theta roles. These ideas are then applied to a variety of adjectives which take propositional complements. The final chapter argues that for definitions to be understood, the syntax of the Language of Thought must be close to that of Natural Language in specifiable way.
Tokali Kilise (Buckle Church) was the principal sanctuary of a large monastic center in Byzantine Cappadocia, now central Turkey. This cave church was carved into the soft volcanic stone of the region and decorated with frescoes in several stages between the mid-ninth and mid-tenth centuries, and is one of the richest ensembles of painting to survive from the early Middle Ages.
From climate change forecasts and pandemic maps to Lego sets and Ancestry algorithms, models encompass our world and our lives. In her thought-provoking new book, Annabel Wharton begins with a definition drawn from the quantitative sciences and the philosophy of science but holds that history and critical cultural theory are essential to a fuller understanding of modeling. Considering changes in the medical body model and the architectural model, from the Middle Ages to the twenty-first century, Wharton demonstrates the ways in which all models are historical and political. Examining how cadavers have been described, exhibited, and visually rendered, she highlights the historical dimension of the modified body and its depictions. Analyzing the varied reworkings of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem—including by monumental commanderies of the Knights Templar, Alberti’s Rucellai Tomb in Florence, Franciscans’ olive wood replicas, and video game renderings—she foregrounds the political force of architectural representations. And considering black boxes—instruments whose inputs we control and whose outputs we interpret, but whose inner workings are beyond our comprehension—she surveys the threats posed by such opaque computational models, warning of the dangers that models pose when humans lose control of the means by which they are generated and understood. Engaging and wide-ranging, Models and World Making conjures new ways of seeing and critically evaluating how we make and remake the world in which we live.
Selling Jerusalem' offers an introduction to the explosive combination of piety and capital at work in religious objects and global politics. It is sure to interest students and scholars of art history, economic history, popular culture, religion, and architecture.
Byzantium, that dark sphere on the periphery of medieval Europe, is commonly regarded as the immutable residue of Rome's decline. In this highly original and provocative work, Alexander Kazhdan and Ann Wharton Epstein revise this traditional image by documenting the dynamic social changes that occurred during the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
Graphic Anaesthesia is a compendium of the diagrams, graphs, equations and tables needed in anaesthetic practice. Each page covers a separate topic to aid rapid review and assimilation. The relevant illustration, equation or table is presented alongside a short description of the fundamental principles of the topic and with clinical applications where appropriate. Now fully updated, this second edition contains 35 new topics, including significant additions to the drugs and equipment sections, and new sections on clinical prediction and anatomy related to regional anaesthesia. The book includes main sections on: physiology pharmacodynamics and kinetics physics equipment anatomy drugs clinical measurement clinical prediction statistics. By combining all the illustrations, equations and tables with concise, clinically relevant explanations, Graphic Anaesthesia is therefore: the ideal revision book for all anaesthetists in training a valuable aide-memoire for senior anaesthetists to use when teaching and examining trainees. From reviews of the previous edition: "Graphic Anaesthesia is a well-written, easy-to-read book, ideal for trainees studying for primary FRCA examinations... It will be an ideal companion for preparing for exams." Ulster Medical Journal, May 2016 "Graphic Anaesthesia is an excellent revision tool that allows trainees approaching exams to prepare in an efficient and simple format. It is a refreshing and unique resource that should be included on any essential revision reading list." European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016; 33: 610. "The diagrams are very clear, the explanations accurate and concise and to pack 245 items into a small reference book is no mean feat.... Each diagram is drawn in just four colours to enable them to be reproduced easily from memory. This intuitive approach was an eye-opener to me and a valuable lesson in simplicity without losing any essential detail. This is something from which many educators could learn and indeed transfer that skill...This is a quality book that could be a useful investment across the spectrum of practitioners involved in anaesthesia and the teaching of anaesthesia." Journal of Perioperative Practice March 2017, volume 27, issue 3
ANNABEL K. BROOME The importance of psychological processes in the experience of health and sickness is being increasingly recognized. There is mounting evidence for the role of personal behaviour in current trends of morbidity and mortality, which is reflected in rapid and significant developments in psychological research. Patterns of illness and death have changed in recent years, with concurrent changes in demands on health services, the skills of carers and the adjustments of the sick person. It is within this changing scene that clinical and health psychologists are becoming increasingly involved in applied research into the prevention or alleviation of current health problems. These changes are also influencing the training of health professionals, with behavioural sciences now forming a substantial component of basic curricula in medical schools and other areas of professional training. This book has arisen from this chan ging clinical scene and the need to convey useful psychological principles to care givers. Part One con centrates on the general psychological processes that have relevance in many health settings, in the prevention, alleviation and management of illness, as weIl as current practices in health care delivery. As these developments have been patchy, Part Two focuses on selected specialties that have received attention. This book is not a comprehensive review of work done in all medical specialties, although the structure has been chosen to reflect the prevalent sub divisions of medical teamwork.
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