This work demonstrates that every language has its "key concepts" (expressed in key words) and that these concepts reflect the core values of the culture in question. Examining empirical evidence from five lanuages, and using its own "natural semantic metalanguage" to provide an analytical framework, it shows that cultures can be revealingly studied, compared and explained to outsiders through their key concepts.
The studies collected here deal with social and cultural changes in Polish lands during the early phases of industrialisation, i.e. the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Attention is first given to the stabilisation of urban agglomerations and workers' communities, and the accompanying transformations in social status, family structure, and collective life and culture of the workers. An especial focus is the cultural transformations which occurred at the time of the 1905-1907 revolution in the Kingdom of Poland, incorporating it into tsarist Russia. In parallel with this, Professor Zarnowska has been concerned to examine the gender-determined inequalities of the life opportunities of women and men, and how these altered as social modernisation in Poland progressed. She looks at the changing legal and social status of women and their life chances, as well as the emergence of new social models of women's roles. Several studies are also devoted to the impact exerted by urban civilisation, as well as the growing professional activity of women upon the changes to cultural norms regulating the relations between women and men, as well as the development of women's aspirations in the family, society and culture.
Inspired by Mary Shelley's conviction that reading is a socially significant communal activity, this book presents four essays on modern interactions with literary classics. Ancient tragedy, Shakespeare, and Frankenstein are read anew in the context of challenges and dangers we are facing nowadays. The titular phrase, thinking literature, is meant to indicate reading literature of the previous epochs in a way that allows one to contemplate human condition against the background of the past and in connection with the present. The essays on Ahmed Saadawi's Frankenstein in Baghdad, Kamila Shamsie's Home Fire, Margaret Atwood's Hag-Seed, and modern reactions to suicide in Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet, testify to the lasting relevance of ancient Greek tragedy, Shakespeare's plays and Mary Shalley's cautionary tale. Thinking literature by revisiting canonical texts and sharing with others the experience this brings, helps us to define, understand and confront the social and political challenges of today's increasingly complex world.
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