AnnMarie Breda's Books

Human Papillomavirus has emerged as a distinct cause of cervical changes in young women. Its prevalence is continuously growing and is considered at epidemic proportions with 20 million Americans already infected and 5.5 million new cases reported annually. (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tracking the Hidden Epidemics., Trends in STDs in the U.S. 2000, Atlanta, Georgia, 2000) There are known risk factors associated with HPV cervical changes and cervical cancer. These known risk factors are the number of one s sexual partners, age at first coitus, smoking and use of oral contraception. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between known risk factors and unknown risk factors, such as nutrition, vitamin deficiency and other lifestyle variables (i.e., drug/alcohol use, exercise and sleep habits), on HPV cervical changes. The results of this study may increase awareness for the general public, influence behavior and aid in the prevention of the disease in young women. New streams of clinical information may prevent the progression of the disease to cancer in women who are already infected, as HPV has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer, the number one gynecologic cancer in the world. Materials and Methods: This two-arm study was performed between 2002 and 2004 in Lenox Hill Hospital s ambulatory clinic and physicians offices in New York City. Approval was granted by the hospital s Institutional Review Board. Each woman gave written informed consent prior to participation. A questionnaire to determine lifestyle and nutritional habits was distributed to female volunteers between the ages of 18 and 35 (part 1 of the study). A previous pap smear was a requirement for participation. However, whether the results of the pap smear were normal or abnormal was not a consideration for recruitment. Blood serum levels of vitamins C, E, and beta carotene were obtained for part 2 of the study, and processed by Quest Laboratory. These vitamins were selected for testing because an increased number of reports had suggested that these antioxidants may act to prevent the development of various malignancies (22). Statistical analysis included Chi-Square, ANOVA, a Student T-test and 2x2 table to identify association between study variables. Results: One hundred sixty-four (164) women participated in the study. One hundred (61%) of the participants had abnormal pap smear results, and sixty-four (39%) had normal pap smear results. Of the 164, only eighty-four (51%) participated in part 2 of the study and had blood serum tests performed. A power analysis performed prior to the initiation of the study showed that 146 women were required to demonstrate a difference in response rate from 30% in the control group (normal pap smears) to 50% or more in the treatment group (abnormal pap smears), with a power of 0.80 or a significance level of 0.05. Of the eighty-four participants who took the blood test, forty-one (48.8%) were in the abnormal group and forty-three (51.1%) were in the normal group. A total of 35 women from both groups were found to have an antioxidant deficiency. The number of women deficient in one or more of the vitamins measured was higher in the abnormal group (20 in the abnormal group compared to 15 in the normal group). A total of five (5) participants were deficient in more than one of the vitamins measured. The analysis of blood tests to determine deficiencies in the normal versus abnormal group was not statististically significant, p= 0.0676 with a relative risk of 0.9945 when results of vitamins E, C, and beta carotene were combined. When vitamin results were looked at individually, the results were: Vitamin C p= 0.44, Beta Carotene p= 0.54, Vitamin E gamma p= 0.51. One vitamin result showed statistical significance,

Book's by AnnMarie Breda

The Correlation Between Lifestyle, Nutrition, Vitamin Deficiency and Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Cervical Changes

The Correlation Between Lifestyle, Nutrition, Vitamin Deficiency and Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Cervical Changes

The Happy Medium

The Happy Medium

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