The material of the present book is an extension of a graduate course given by the author at the University "Al.I. Cuza" Iasi and is intended for stu dents and researchers interested in the applications of optimal control and in mathematical biology. Age is one of the most important parameters in the evolution of a bi ological population. Even if for a very long period age structure has been considered only in demography, nowadays it is fundamental in epidemiology and ecology too. This is the first book devoted to the control of continuous age structured populationdynamics.It focuses on the basic properties ofthe solutions and on the control of age structured population dynamics with or without diffusion. The main goal of this work is to familiarize the reader with the most important problems, approaches and results in the mathematical theory of age-dependent models. Special attention is given to optimal harvesting and to exact controllability problems, which are very important from the econom ical or ecological points of view. We use some new concepts and techniques in modern control theory such as Clarke's generalized gradient, Ekeland's variational principle, and Carleman estimates. The methods and techniques we use can be applied to other control problems.
Potential output estimation plays a crucial role in conducting fiscal policy based on structural balances. Difficulties in estimating potential output could lead to an erroneous policy stance with a consequent impact on growth. This paper analyzes historical data on revisions of actual and potential growth in the European Union and the implication of these revisions for the measurement of fiscal effort using the cyclically-adjusted primary balance (CAPB). It finds that revisions in output gap estimates were large, at almost 11⁄2 percent of potential GDP on average. Revisions in potential GDP also contributed significantly to revisions in the estimated CAPB, especially during the crisis years. Given these findings and historical correlations, it proposes an indicative rule of thumb for reducing errors in the measurement of fiscal effort by factoring in that about 30 percent of revisions in actual growth capture changes in potential growth. In other words, the standard advice of “letting automatic stabilizers operate fully” in response to a positive/negative growth shocks likely implies a strengthening/weakening of the structural position.
In continuation to CBSE Mathematics For Class XII (Part 1), Part 2 is also thoroughly revised and updated as per the new CBSE course structure and NCERT guidelines. The subject matter of this book is presented in a very systematic and logical manner. Every effort has been made to make the contents as lucid as possible so that the beginners will grasp the fundamental concepts in an unambiguous manner. KEY FEATURES Large number of solved examples to understand the subject. Categorization of problems under: Level of Difficulty A (Cover the needs of the students preparing for CBSE exams) Level of Difficulty B (Guide the students for engineering entrance examinations). A Smart Table at the beginning of each chapter to decide the relative importance of topics in the CBSE exam. Problem Solving Trick(s) to enhance the problem solving skills. A list of Important Formulae at the beginning of the book. Besides this, each chapter is followed by a Chapter Test and an exercise in which the questions from the CBSE papers of previous years are provided. Working hints to a large number of problems are given at the end of each and every exercise. In a nut shell, this book will help the students score high marks in CBSE, and at the same time build a strong foundation for success in any competitive examination.
The purpose of the volume is to provide a support textbook for a second lecture course on Mathematical Analysis. The contents are organised to suit, in particular, students of Engineering, Computer Science and Physics, all areas in which mathematical tools play a crucial role. The basic notions and methods concerning integral and differential calculus for multivariable functions, series of functions and ordinary differential equations are presented in a manner that elicits critical reading and prompts a hands-on approach to concrete applications. The pedagogical layout echoes the one used in the companion text Mathematical Analysis I. The book’s structure has a specifically-designed modular nature, which allows for great flexibility in the preparation of a lecture course on Mathematical Analysis. The style privileges clarity in the exposition and a linear progression through the theory. The material is organised on two levels. The first, reflected in this book, allows students to grasp the essential ideas, familiarise with the corresponding key techniques and find the proofs of the main results. The second level enables the strongly motivated reader to explore further into the subject, by studying also the material contained in the appendices. Definitions are enriched by many examples, which illustrate the properties discussed. A host of solved exercises complete the text, at least half of which guide the reader to the solution. This new edition features additional material with the aim of matching the widest range of educational choices for a second course of Mathematical Analysis.
This two-volume treatise, the collected effort of more than 50 authors, represents the first comprehensive survey of the chemistry and biology of the set of molecules known as peptide growth factors. Although there have been many symposia on this topic, and numerous publications of reviews dealing with selected subsets of growth factors, the entire field has never been covered in a single treatise. It is essential to do this at the present time, as the number of journal articles on peptide growth factors now makes it almost impossible for anyone person to stay informed on this subject by reading the primary literature. At the same time it is becoming increasingly apparent that these substances are of universal importance in biology and medicine and that the original classification of these molecules, based on the laboratory setting of their discovery, as "growth factors," "lymphokines," "cytokines," or "colony stimulating factors," was quite artifactual; they are in fact the basis of a com mon language for intercellular communication. As a set they affect essentially every cell in the body, and in this regard they provide the basis to develop a unified science of cell biology, germane to all of biomedical research. This treatise is divided into four main sections. After three introductory chapters, its principal focus is the detailed description of each of the major peptide growth factors in 26 individual chapters.
Systemics can be seen as an attempt to navigate our increasingly complex and difficult-to-understand world. The book provides an easy-to-read introduction to this new field of science. The book is aimed at students as well as professional practitioners. The book deals with: the background, history, and objectives of systemics, basic system concepts and definitions, systems thinking, systems modelling and system description, system simulations and systemic computer experimenting, systems design, systems intervention and organizational transformation, hindrances to systemic applications and possible ways to overcome them, and internalizing of attained knowledge.
Providing an in-depth introduction to fundamental classical and non-classical logics, this textbook offers a comprehensive survey of logics for computer scientists. Logics for Computer Science contains intuitive introductory chapters explaining the need for logical investigations, motivations for different types of logics and some of their history. They are followed by strict formal approach chapters. All chapters contain many detailed examples explaining each of the introduced notions and definitions, well chosen sets of exercises with carefully written solutions, and sets of homework. While many logic books are available, they were written by logicians for logicians, not for computer scientists. They usually choose one particular way of presenting the material and use a specialized language. Logics for Computer Science discusses Gentzen as well as Hilbert formalizations, first order theories, the Hilbert Program, Godel's first and second incompleteness theorems and their proofs. It also introduces and discusses some many valued logics, modal logics and introduces algebraic models for classical, intuitionistic, and modal S4 and S5 logics. The theory of computation is based on concepts defined by logicians and mathematicians. Logic plays a fundamental role in computer science, and this book explains the basic theorems, as well as different techniques of proving them in classical and some non-classical logics. Important applications derived from concepts of logic for computer technology include Artificial Intelligence and Software Engineering. In addition to Computer Science, this book may also find an audience in mathematics and philosophy courses, and some of the chapters are also useful for a course in Artificial Intelligence.
This 1987 report focuses on the implications for tax structure and local government revenues and expenditures of the region's changed economic development map. The study analyzes the variations in sources of revenues, expenditure patterns, tax effort, and tax capacity among the municipalities in the eight counties of the Philadelphia Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area.
A mood is defined as the prevailing psychological state (habitual or relatively temporary. It is further defined as a feeling, state or prolonged emotion that influences the whole of one's psychic life. It can also relate to passion or feeling. Mood can and does affect perceived health, personal confidence, one's perceptions of the world around us and our actions based on those perceptions. Moods can and do change often although mood swings of a sharp nature may be a symptom of underlying disease. Moods may signify happiness, anger, tension, or anxiety. Chronic periods of any mood state may be an indicator of a disorder as well. This new book gathers important research from throughout the world in this rapidly changing field.
The World Health Organization in 2004 estimated approximately 1.1 billion people did not have access to clean water and that 35% of Third World residents died from water-borne illnesses. While the situation is grim, recent advances strongly indicate that many of the current water quality problems can be addresses – and potentially resolved – using nanotechnology.Nanotechnology is already having a dramatic impact on research in water quality and Nanotechnology Applications for Clean Water highlights both the challenges and the opportunities for nanotechnology to positively influence this area of environmental protection.Here you will find detailed information on breakthroughs, cutting edge technologies, current research, and future trends that may affect acceptance of widespread applications. The first four parts of the book cover specific topics including using nanotechnology for clean drinking water in both large scale water treatment plants and in point-of-use systems. For instance, recent advances show that many of the current problems involving water quality can be addressed using nanosorbents, nanocatalysts, bioactive nanoparticles, nanostructured catalytic membranes, and nanoparticle enhanced filtration. The book also discusses existing technologies and future potential for groundwater remediation, pollution prevention, and sensors. The final part discusses the inherent societal implications that may affect acceptance of widespread applications. Over 80 leading experts from around the world share their wealth of knowledge in this truly unique reference. Institutions such as Center for the Purification of Water and Systems (Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign); UCLA Water Technology Center; Carnegie Mellon University, University of Kentucky; The University of Western Ontario; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (Japan), Munasinghe Institute for Development (Sri Lanka) and the Woodrow Wilson Center for Scholars are just a few of the knowledge centers represented in this book. Water quality is a serious, global issue in which government bodies and scientific communities face many challenges in ensuring clean water is available to everyone. Nanotechnology is already showing dramatic results, and this book is an attempt to share current technologies and future possibilities in reaching this goal. From the Foreword:"Researchers and practitioners may find in this volume, key challenges regarding clean water resources. The presentations may crystallize new research and education programs." - Mihail Roco, U.S. National Science Foundation and U.S. Nanotechnology Initiative - Contributors from the US, India, Canada, Japan, UK, Sri Lanka, and South Africa - Provides detailed information on breakthroughs, cutting edge technologies, current research, and future trends that may affect acceptance of widespread applications - Covers specific topics including using nanotechnology for clean drinking water in both large scale water treatment plants and in point-of-use systems - Discusses existing technologies and future potential for groundwater remediation, pollution prevention, and sensors - Highlights both the challenges and the opportunities for nanotechnology to positively influence this area of environmental protection
Slaves to Racism is a historical eyewitness account of the effect of racism in two countries, one black, one white, showing how American racism traps blacks even in Africa. The tales he tells illustrate the twists of irony and misplaced pride on all sides. Prof. Dennis chronicles the compulsive and repetitious nature of racism and its destructive effects on peoples and societies. During the 1990s, Liberia descended into civil war and anarchy. African-Liberian rebel groups roamed the countryside randomly killing as they vied for power. Doe was killed by a segment of these rebel groups and warlord Charles Taylor eventually became president in 1997. In 2003, Taylor was deposed by rebel groups and is now on trial at The Hague for war crimes. Despite Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf's democratic election in 2005, Liberia remains in ruins as a classic failed state in Africa. The obvious question is: Why did the Negro experiment planted in Africa in 1822 fail so miserably? Liberia was doomed from the start. The sins of the master were inevitably passed on to the freed slaves who returned to Africa to 'make a fresh start.' To assert status the Americo-Liberians blindly followed the worst habits of the whites, imposing themselves as a superior class on the 'African Liberians' who had never left. With only a superficial knowledge of Western culture, they imagined the white way without truly understanding it, and made Liberia a caricature of Southern society. Prof. Dennis compares the prejudice and discrimination between groups in Liberia with the patterns he has encountered between and among blacks and whites in the United States, from blatant bigotry to the almost subliminal boundaries that still exist even among liberal communities that 'want more blacks.'"--Publisher's description.
Nobody ever said that oil painting was easy. But it gets much easier and a lot more fun when you follow a step-by-step approach that starts you off on the right foot, helps you build your skills one at a time, and gives you plenty of exercises to develop your craft. That’s what you’ll find in Oil Painting For Dummies. Completely free of arty jargon, this full-color guide has all the hands-on instruction you need to master the basics. You’ll see how to plan a painting, build an image in layers, mix colors, and create stunning compositions. You’ll also find everything you need to know about oil paints, solvents, and pigments; brushes, palettes, and painting surfaces; and how to keep costs down at the art supply store. Discover how to: Choose the right supplies Set up your studio and care for your equipment Handle your materials safely Develop your design and composition skills Make practice sketches and studies Use broken stroke, dry brush, glazing, scraffito and other brush strokes Try out different compositions Mix any color you want Simplify tricky still-life subjects Paint landscapes and common objects out doors Paint portraits and the human form Complete with handy color chart, basic materials list, and a very useful viewing square, Oil Painting For Dummies is the fun and easy way to discover your inner artist!
Anita Mills' knack for blending danger, adventure, and romance is in full bloom in Dangerous, as a young woman enroute to claim her father's estate meets a handsome gambler on the run from the law. But his is not the only trouble these two will face, for it seems that something may be hidden on her father's farm, something people think is worth killing for.
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