Lactococcus lactis is one of the most important starter cultures in the dairy industry for the manufacture of a variety of fermented probiotic dairy products. Presently, four subspecies of L. lactis have been recognized, i.e. L. lactis ssp. cremoris, ssp. hordniae, ssp. lactis (including biovar diacetylactis) and ssp. tructae. Amongst them, the two subspecies lactis and cremoris are industrially important. Development of new strains of these two subspecies as starter culture with distinct characteristics generally requires the identification up to sub-species level. Classical identification methods such as physiological and biochemical tests can not differentiate organisms at species and subspecies levels. Moreover, these traditional phenotype-based methods encounter many challenges and shortcomings which limit their applicability. New approaches such as molecular characterization have been developed in the recent past. The molecular techniques provide a new perspective for characterization of the “new lactococcal” strains. However, there is no unique approach suggested for molecular characterization of the indigenous strains. Continuous research is going on around the world to improve the methodology and applicability of these methods as well as to make them economic in use. The objective of this review is to provide an insight into all genotypic approaches for the identification of L. lactis.
There is rapidly growing burden of trauma worldwide, in a wide spectrum of socioeconomic societies and a complex heterogeneous health delivery infrastructures. There is a mixture of great contrast with most advanced corporate hospital of international repute and the poorest of the health unit with no medical facility. The injuries may remain neglected as a large section of population may not have an access to modern health care either due to lack of education or because of high cost of treatment and the non-availability of transportation to reach the required place in right time. The suboptima.
Scientific Essay from the year 2016 in the subject Biology - Micro- and Molecular Biology, , language: English, abstract: The colonial diameter of Lactococcus lactis spp. lactis isolates on MRS agar was promoted by providing negative atmospheric pressure and /or enrichment of negative atmosphere by CO2 gas in vacuum desiccator. In this study, application of negative atmospheric pressure or enrichment of negative atmosphere by CO2 gas at 722 mmHg was observed for maximum (2.5 mm) colony size of L. lactis spp. lactis on agar surface. No significant difference was observed in the colonial diameter in the presence of negative atmospheric pressure or enrichment of negative atmosphere by CO2 gas at 722 to 608 mmHg pressure.
In this book, a comprehensive review has been presented to apprise readers regarding the most commonly sexually transmitted infectious agent, Human Papillomavirus; and its role in causation in Carcinoma cervix.Further, we have briefly presented important aspects of diagnosis and management of Carcinoma cervix. We have also tried to compile different tools which have been developed to screen Carcinoma cervix.Greater emphasis has been given to nucleic acid based HPV detection tools, especially in-house protocol, which has been developed to detect HR HPVs; and to screen women at risk of carcinoma cervix.We hope that this book shall help clinicians, pathologists, microbiologists and molecular biologists in the better understanding of the subject and also in dealing with the screening and early diagnosis of carcinoma cervix in women.
Millets are low cost cereal grains and widely used in the food industry and animal husbandry as an important source of food and feed. As a rich source of starch, protein, minerals, vitamins, and specific bioactive compounds that contain beneficial antioxidant properties, they have gained considerable attention as a botanical dietary supplement and various functional foods. Millets: Properties, Processing, and Health Benefits explores millet production, chemistry and nutritional aspects, processing technologies, product formulations, and more. Understanding the properties of millets provides a basis for better utilizing millet crops, in addition to further development of millets as an important industrial crop. Key Features: Provides millet taxonomy, history, nutritional aspects, and health benefits Discusses the physical and functional properties of millets Explores various millet-based products Deals with starch composition, structure, properties, and applications Touches on postharvest management of millets This book combines information on the composition, functional properties and processing along with information on the health properties of millets. With its unique presentation on millets flour and starch, it will be suitable for those wanting to use millets in various food products, including food technologists, nutritionists, research scientists, and agriculture professionals.
Anil K. Gupta, Vijay Govindarajan, and Haiyan Wang are among the most distinguished experts in the field of globalization. In The Quest for Global Dominance they present the lessons from their twenty-year study of over two hundred corporations. They argue that, in order for a company to create and maintain its position as a globally dominant player, executives must ensure that their company leads its industry in the following four essential tasks: Identifying market opportunities worldwide and pursuing them by establishing the necessary presence in all key markets Converting global presence into global competitive advantage by identifying and developing the opportunities for value creation that global presence offers Cultivating a global mindset by viewing cultural and geographic diversity as an opportunity, not just a challenge Leveraging the rise of emerging markets especially China and India to transform the company's growth prospects, global cost structure, and pace of innovation
Protocols and Applications in Enzymology provides instruction on the experimental procedures of enzyme isolation techniques, innovative screening techniques, and instrument enabled enzyme assays and their underlying principles, among other protocols. The book serves as a one-stop solution for those working with different enzyme protocols in the fields of biochemistry, microbiology, biotechnology and allied subjects. Each chapter offers a full overview of protocol key resources, materials required, quantifiable and statistical analysis, optimization and troubleshooting, safety considerations, and standards. Applications are discussed across distribution and diversity of microbial enzymes, enzyme screening, enzymes in solid state fermentations, enzyme assays, enzyme kinetics, and biotechnological uses. Provides step-by-step instruction on enzyme protocols and applications, with actionable discussions of needed resources, materials, quantification and statistical analysis, optimization and troubleshooting, safety considerations and standards Presents easy to read, reproducible protocols for researchers and students across academia and industry Includes color diagrams that illustrate key concepts
Environmental Management: Science and Engineering for Industry consists of 18 chapters, starting with a discussion of International Environmental Laws and crucial environmental management tools, including lifecycle, environmental impact, and environmental risk assessments. This is followed by a frank discussion of environmental control and abatement technologies for water, wastewater, soil, and air pollution. In addition, this book also tackles Hazardous Waste Management and the landfill technologies available for the disposal of hazardous wastes. As managing environmental projects is a complex task with vast amounts of data, an array of regulations, and alternative engineering control strategies designed to minimize pollution and maximize the effect of an environmental program, this book helps readers further understand and plan for this process. Contains the latest methods for Identifying, abating, or eliminating pollutants from air, water, and land Presents up-to-date coverage on environmental management tools, such as risk assessment, energy management and auditing, environmental accounting, and impact assessments Includes methods for collecting and synthesizing data derived from environmental assessments
Thermal Food Engineering Operations Presenting cutting-edge information on new and emerging food engineering processes, Thermal Food Engineering Operations, the first volume in the new series, “Bioprocessing in Food Science,” is an essential reference on the modeling, quality, safety, and technologies associated with food processing operations today. As the demand for healthy food increases in the current global scenario, manufacturers are searching for new possibilities for occupying a greater share in the rapidly changing food market. Compiled reports and updated knowledge on thermal processing of food products are imperative for commercial enterprises and manufacturing units. In the current scenario, academia, researchers, and food industries are working in a scattered manner and different technologies developed at each level are not compiled to implement for the benefits of different stakeholders. However, advancements in bioprocesses are required at all levels for the betterment of food industries and consumers. This series of groundbreaking edited volumes will be a comprehensive compilation of all the research that has been carried out so far, their practical applications, and the future scope of research and development in the food bioprocessing industry. This first volume includes all the conventional and novel thermal technologies based on conduction, convection, and radiation principles and covers the basics of microbial inactivation with heat treatments, aseptic processing, retorting, drying, dehydration, combined high-pressure thermal treatments, and safety and quality concerns in food processing. Before studying the novel non-thermal processes and the concept of minimal processing, comprehensive knowledge about the conventional thermal technologies is desired along with benefits, constraints, equipment, and implementation of these technologies. Whether for the engineer, scientist, or student, this series is a must-have for any library. This outstanding new volume: Discusses food safety and quality and thermal processing, laying the groundwork for further study and research Provides case studies of solid–liquid and supercritical fluid extraction Explores pasteurization, ohmic heating, irradiation, and more Presents cutting-edge information on new and emerging food engineering processes Audience: Process and chemical engineers, chemists, engineers in other disciplines, managers, researchers, scientists, students, and teachers working in the field of food engineering and processing
In one golden age of medicine epitomized by William Osler, the physician also aspired to mastery of gross and microscopic pathologic anatomy. Now another such age has dawned in which ultrastructure and immunopathology provide insights into mysterious diseases of the kidney, connective tissues, joints, and muscles, among other sites. Dr. Anil K. MandaI has a background in clinical nephrology, experimental pathology, and diagnostic pathology of renal diseases that suits him well for his chosen task. This is to explain clearly the clinicopathologic entities seen by nephrologists, using the full range of available morphologic techniques. His ap proach is brisk and incisive. To read his monograph as a pathologist is to make oneself a better clinician, and as a physician is to improve one's grasp of pa thology. Such correlative knowledge seems at present the means most likely to lead to the ultimate control of some crippling chronic renal diseases. Sheldon C. Sommers, M.D.
This book provides a detailed discussion on India’s energy mix including descriptive use of the Shannon Wiener diversity index for numerically comparing India’s diversity in energy supply with other leading energy-consuming countries. The likely supply scenarios of both domestic and imported gas, and price competitiveness with competing fuels in differing consuming sectors, have also been presented. Overall, it covers energy systems, a comparison of the Indian natural gas economy with other countries and a scenario-based analysis of gas demand in India in 2030. Features: Presents a well-structured and robust thesis on the challenges and opportunities for natural gas in India’s energy future. Draws upon key insights, lessons and ways forward from the gas sector reform process. Addresses the energy transition scenario towards net zero. Includes comparative analysis of India’s diversity of commercial primary energy supply. Uses granular data and visual representations of the same to convey the key arguments. This book is aimed at oil and gas industry stakeholders including professionals, business executives, techno-managerial personnel and students in chemical engineering.
This book provide useful information in the area of spinal infections, particularly with regard to those that receive delayed treatment. The book first deals with various spinal infections and their manifestations. It is strong in the areas of tuberculosis and the structural problems that ensue when spinal infections are not diagnosed and treated early. Structural diagrams are helpful. Apart from surgical techniques, adequate emphasis has been laid on clinical features, value of modern diagnostic facilities and appropriate drug therapy. This book will be a useful reference book with more infor.
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