This book presents the theory of the validity of legal norms, aimed at the practice of law, in particular the jurisdiction of the constitutional courts. The postpositivist concept of the validity of statutory law, grounded on a critical analysis of the basic theories of legal validity elaborated up to now, is introduced. In the first part of the book a contemporary German nonpositivist conception of law developed by Ralf Dreier and Robert Alexy is analysed in order to answer the question whether the juristic concept of legal validity should include moral standards or criteria. In the second part, a postpositivist concept of legal validity and an innovative model of validity discourse, based on the juristic presumption of the validity of legal norms, are proposed. The book is a work on analytical legal theory, written from a postpositivist, detached point of view.
Der Autor untersucht die polnisch-weißrussischen Beziehungen, die historisch gesehen, wie der polnische Historiker Marcel Kosman schrieb, "sehr eng, wenn auch nicht immer idyllisch" waren (Kosman, 1979, S. 6). Der belarussische Autor Piotra Rudkoŭski wiederum hat es so formuliert: "Für Weißrussen ist Polen mehr als ein Nachbar. In der historischen und kulturellen Dimension sind Weißrussland und Polen siamesische Zwillinge" (Rudkoŭski, 2007, S. 185). Nach Ansicht des Autors werden die polnisch-weißrussischen Beziehungen durch die historische und kulturelle Position, den Identitätsfaktor und die geopolitische Situation bestimmt. Er betont, dass die polnisch-weißrussischen Beziehungen den polnisch-russischen Beziehungen untergeordnet sind und dass sie in erheblichem Maße eine Funktion in den weißrussisch-russischen Beziehungen innehaben. Der Autor widmet sich den historischen und kulturellen Determinanten, der polnischen Ostpolitik, den politischen, wirtschaftlichen und kulturellen Beziehungen und versucht, die Bedeutung und internationalen Interessen der beiden Staaten zu verstehen.
The PET and PET/CT Study Guide presents a comprehensive review of nuclear medicine principles and concepts necessary for passing PET specialty board examinations. The practice questions and content are similar to those found on the Nuclear Medicine Technology Certification Board (NMTCB) exam, allowing test takers to maximize their chances of success. The book is organized by test sections of increasing difficulty, with over 650 multiple-choice questions covering all areas of positron emission tomography, including radiation safety; radionuclides; instrumentation and quality control; patient care; and diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Detailed answers and explanations to the practice questions follow. Supplementary appendices include common formulas, numbers, and abbreviations, along with a glossary of terms for easy access by readers. The PET and PET/CT Study Guide is a valuable reference for nuclear medicine technologists, nuclear medicine physicians, and all other imaging professionals in need of a concise review of the basics of PET and PET/CT imaging.
Andrzej Franaszek’s award-winning biography of Czeslaw Milosz—winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature—recounts the poet’s odyssey through WWI, the Bolshevik revolution, the Nazi invasion of Poland, and the USSR’s postwar dominance of Eastern Europe. This edition contains a new introduction by the translators, along with maps and a chronology.
Presenting the image of Poland created in Germany in the earliest period of existence of the Piast state (963-1034) this book identifies its context and describes the political and cultural relation between the Polish rulers and German élites of that time.
First published in 1988, Political Trials in Poland 1981-1986 describes the major political trials which took place in Poland between 1981 and 1986. Based on extensive original research using both official and unofficial information from Poland and interviews with Solidarity activists, it shows how the trials constituted an attempt by the Jaruzelski regime to break the back of the independent Solidarity movement by judicial and penal measures. It discusses how the authorities abused the law and how the law itself leaves much to be desired and it charts the different human rights that were violated in each case. It considers the implications of the abuse of law in this way for the rule of law and the image of the state in communist countries. This book will be of interest to students of history and political science.
Cement-Based Composites takes a different approach from most other books in the field by viewing concrete as an advanced composite material, and by considering the properties and behaviour of cement-based materials from this stance. It deals particularly, but not exclusively, with newer forms of cement-based materials. This new edition takes a critical approach to the subject as well as presenting up-to-date knowledge. Emphasis is given to non-conventional reinforcement and design methods, problems at the materials' interfaces and to the durability of structures. High strength composites and novel forms of cement-based composites are described in detail. After a basic introduction the book explores the various components of these materials and their properties. It then deals with mechanical properties and considers characteristics under various loading and environmental conditions, and concludes by examining design, optimization and economics with particular emphasis on high-performance concretes. Researchers, graduate students and practising engineers will find this book valuable.
Introducing gravitational-wave data analysis, this book is an ideal starting point for researchers entering the field, and researchers currently analyzing data. Detailed derivations of the basic formulae enable readers to apply general statistical concepts to the analysis of gravitational-wave signals. It also discusses new ideas on devising the efficient algorithms.
The Railway Research Institute (Instytut Kolejnictwa) in Warsaw was established in 1951 and was, until 2000, part of the Polish State Railways (PKP). At present, it serves as an independent entity, it is subordinated to the minister responsible for transport. Since its inception, the Institute has been the centre of competence for technology, technique and organization of operation and services in rail transport, particularly in respect to innovation. One of its fundamental tasks also includes activities connected with safety which are carried out in close cooperation with the National Safety Authority, i.e. the Office of Rail Transport. At the same time the Institute participated in the process of upgrading and modernization of the rail network in Poland. Experience in high speed rail, gained as a result of international cooperation and basing on the effort to increase speed on railway lines in Poland (so far 200 km/h), is included in the monograph “Koleje Dużych Prędkości w Polsce” (High Speed Rail in Poland) published in 2015 for the benefit of the Polish reader. This monograph aims at reaching an international audience of experts so as to present Polish determinants of HSR implementation. In order to elaborate this monograph, apart from specialists from the Railway Research Institute, experts from other research and academic centres were invited. Not only presenting a wide range of problems connected with future construction of High Speed Lines in Polish conditions, but also a number of operational ones. The authors have created a reference work of universal character, solving problems in order to build and operate high speed rail systems in countries on a similar level of development as Poland. Features: providing requirements for design and upgrade of engineering works on High Speed Rail development information on restructuring and building railway lines for countries starting to develop a High Speed Rail system dealing with organizational, engineering, socioeconomic and economic demands for transport services and the formation of human resources for constructing and operting a High Speed Rails system. Presenting these problems on the international arena will facilitate future cooperation and application of world experience to create HSR in Poland and integrate the Polish HSR network into the international one.
How successful has the transition to market economies proved in East-Central Europe? The decision by the East European countries to move to market economies was accompanied by much hypothesising and expounding of economic theories. However, now that the initial euphoria has passed it is time for a rational assessment of this transition and the success of those theories in practice. Since the more economically advanced countries are situated in East Central Europe, Jan Winiecki and Andrzej Kondratowicz have focused their study on Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and (former) Yugoslavia. The authors present a systematic account of macroeconomic developments and institutional changes. They assess progress, dealing with the determinants of output, macro policies, wage, price and employment issues and the external balance.
This book exemplifies activities undertaken by selected enterprises towards resolving significant problems related to green controlling and finance. It presents how the analysed enterprises employ (or may employ) green controlling for coordination of initiatives in environmental and social dimensions. The authors focused primarily on the financial angle of the solutions regarding environmental and social aspects within the scope of corporate strategy, value creation, financial planning, budgeting, indicator analysis, reporting, cost management, investment appraisal, risk analysis and estimation of capital cost. The analyses performed enabled the researchers to prove that elements of green controlling connected with finance are present in the discussed enterprises and may serve as examples of good practices for other business entities striving to increase enterprise value in the long run.
This book presents a set of theoretical and experimental results that describe the features of the wide family of α-stable distributions (the normal distribution also belongs to this class) and their various applications in the mutation operator of evolutionary algorithms based on real-number representation of the individuals, and, above all, equip these algorithms with features that enrich their effectiveness in solving multi-modal, multi-dimensional global optimization problems. The overall conclusion of the research presented is that the appropriate choice of probabilistic model of the mutation operator for an optimization problem is crucial. Mutation is one of the most important operations in stochastic global optimization algorithms in the n-dimensional real space. It determines the method of search space exploration and exploitation. Most applications of these algorithms employ the normal mutation as a mutation operator. This choice is justified by the central limit theorem but is associated with a set of important limitations. Application of α-stable distributions allows more flexible evolutionary models to be obtained than those with the normal distribution. The book presents theoretical analysis and simulation experiments, which were selected and constructed to expose the most important features of the examined mutation techniques based on α-stable distributions. It allows readers to develop a deeper understanding of evolutionary processes with stable mutations and encourages them to apply these techniques to real-world engineering problems.
Derived from the renowned multi-volume International Encyclopaedia of Laws, this book describes the social security regime in Poland. It conveys a clear working knowledge of the legal mechanics affecting health care, employment injuries and occupational diseases, incapacity to work, pensions, survivors’ benefits, unemployment benefits and services, and family benefits. The analysis covers the field of application, conditions for entitlement, calculation of benefits, financing, the institutional framework, and relevant law enforcement and controls. Allowances for retirees, employees, public sector workers, the self-employed, and the handicapped are all clearly explained, along with full details of claims, adjudication procedures, and appeals. Succinct yet eminently practical, the book will be a valuable resource for lawyers handling social security matters in Poland. It will be of practical utility to those both in public service and private practice called on to develop and to apply social security law and policy, and of special interest as a contribution to the comparative study of social security systems.
A Polish writer’s experience of wartime France, a cosmopolitan outsider’s perspective on politics, culture, and life under duress When the aspiring young writer Andrzej Bobkowski, a self-styled cosmopolitan Pole, found himself caught in occupied France in 1940, he recorded his reflections on culture, politics, history, and everyday life. Published after the war, his notebooks offer an outsider’s perspective on the hardships and ironies of the Occupation. In the face of war, Bobkowski celebrates the value of freedom and human life through the evocation—in a daringly untragic mode—of ordinary existence, the taste of simple food, the beauty of the French countryside. Resisting intellectual abstractions, his notes exude a young man’s pleasure in physical movement—miles clocked on country roads and Parisian streets on his trusty bike—and they reveal the emergence of an original literary voice. Bobkowski was recognized in his homeland as a master of modern Polish prose only after Communism ended. He remains to be discovered in the English-speaking world.
This is the first book that documents and analyses the paramount role of secret services in the decomposition of the communist system and the conversion of its elites into new capitalists. The surge of civil society in 1980s Poland prompted a parallel expansion of the police-state apparatus. The book traces the subsequent reconstruction and privatization of social, political and material resources of the police-state and shows how these covert operations shaped other, more visible aspects of the East/Central European transformation. A Note from the Authors: Since the publication of this book, the events in Poland and elsewhere have demonstrated the extraordinary influence and longevity of the power networks spawned by the communist police state apparatus and its eventual privatization. There is new evidence uncovered almost daily, whose interpretation would not be feasible without the conceptual and historical framework elaborated first in this book.
Andrzej Mostowski was one of the leading 20th century logicians. This volume examines his legacy, devoted both to his scientific heritage and to the memory of him as a great researcher, teacher, organizer of science and person. It includes the bibliography of Mostowski's writings.
Longtime management scholar, educator, consultant, and businessman Andrzej Kozminski has drawn on his extensive, practical experience to provide this comparative analysis of recent changes in management in Central and Eastern Europe and in highly developed, Western countries. He provides numerous, concrete examples of enterprises operating in Russia, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia, including joint ventures and Western enterprises. Strategies, management cultures, and managers are compared as Kozminski formulates viable strategies and business opportunities for Western companies.
Contemporary supply chains operate under the pressure of customer requirements, increasing price competition, sudden increases or decreases in demand, unforeseen obstacles and new threats. The right way to improve the functioning of the flow of material and accompanying information is not only the continuous collection of data but also their collection, analysis, inference and decision-making with the use of decision support systems, expert systems and artificial intelligence. Such procedures make it easier for logisticians not only to forecast processes but also to predict (forecast) and identify potential problems and facilitate the implementation of optimal modern solutions, paying attention to current trends in the supply chain market. An important issue that affects the quality, efficiency and availability (continuity) of the processes implemented within the supply chain is security. This is an area that is not clearly defined. This book uses theoretical and practical knowledge to define security in the supply chain as a state that gives a sense of certainty and guarantees the flow of material goods and services (in accordance with the 7w rule) as well as a smooth flow of information for the planning and management of logistics processes. Tools and instruments used to ensure the security of the supply chain contribute to the protection and survival in times of dangerous situations (threats) and adaptation to new conditions (susceptibility to unplanned situations). When analyzing the needs and structure of the 21st century supply chains, in the context of their security, it is impossible to ignore the problem of their digitization, which enables the determination of optimal routes and the anticipation of possible threats (crisis situations). Automatic data exchange between various departments of the company along the upper and lower part of the supply chain improves the functioning of the warehouse management through, among others, automation, robotization and pro-activity. It also contributes to efficient, good communication and market globalization. Automation also brings new, extremely attractive business models with regard to occupational safety, ergonomics and environmental protection. To meet the needs of creating modern supply chains, the book analyzes and presents current and future solutions that affect security and the continuity of supply chains.
Examines the 1980 Solidarity revolution in Poland, the government's subsequent establishment of martial law in response, in 1981, and the eventual transition to democracy in 1989.
Derived from the renowned multi-volume International Encyclopaedia of Laws, this book describes the social security regime in Poland. It conveys a clear working knowledge of the legal mechanics affecting health care, employment injuries and occupational diseases, incapacity to work, pensions, survivors’ benefits, unemployment benefits and services, and family benefits. The analysis covers the field of application, conditions for entitlement, calculation of benefits, financing, the institutional framework, and relevant law enforcement and controls. Allowances for retirees, employees, public sector workers, the self-employed, and the handicapped are all clearly explained, along with full details of claims, adjudication procedures, and appeals. Succinct yet eminently practical, the book will be a valuable resource for lawyers handling social security matters in Poland. It will be of practical utility to those both in public service and private practice called on to develop and to apply social security law and policy, and of special interest as a contribution to the comparative study of social security systems.
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