Plant cell walls are complex, dynamic cellular structures essential for plant growth, development, physiology and adaptation. Plant Cell Walls provides an in depth and diverse view of the microanatomy, biosynthesis and molecular physiology of these cellular structures, both in the life of the plant and in their use for bioproducts and biofuels. Plant Cell Walls is a textbook for upper-level undergraduates and graduate students, as well as a professional-level reference book. Over 400 drawings, micrographs, and photographs provide visual insight into the latest research, as well as the uses of plant cell walls in everyday life, and their applications in biotechnology. Illustrated panels concisely review research methods and tools; a list of key terms is given at the end of each chapter; and extensive references organized by concept headings provide readers with guidance for entry into plant cell wall literature. Cell wall material is of considerable importance to the biofuel, food, timber, and pulp and paper industries as well as being a major focus of research in plant growth and sustainability that are of central interest in present day agriculture and biotechnology. The production and use of plants for biofuel and bioproducts in a time of need for responsible global carbon use requires a deep understanding of the fundamental biology of plants and their cell walls. Such an understanding will lead to improved plant processes and materials, and help provide a sustainable resource for meeting the future bioenergy and bioproduct needs of humankind.
Seismic Design for Architects shows how structural requirements for seismic resistance can become an integral part of the design process. Structural integrity does not have to be at the expense of innovative, high standard design in seismically active zones. * By emphasizing design and discussing key concepts with accompanying visual material, architects are given the background knowledge and practical tools needed to deal with aspects of seismic design at all stages of the design process * Seismic codes from several continents are drawn upon to give a global context of seismic design * Extensively illustrated with diagrams and photographs * A non-mathematical approach focuses upon the principles and practice of seismic resistant design to enable readers to grasp the concepts and then readily apply them to their building designs Seismic Design for Architects is a comprehensive, practical reference work and text book for students of architecture, building science, architectural and civil engineering, and professional architects and structural engineers.
Modern Construction Handbook has become a modern classic of building construction literature. In the USA, it is used as a reference work for many architectural courses. With the chapters "Material", "Wall", "Roof", "Structure", "Environment" and "Applications" it systematically explores the subject and provides a clear and efficient structure to the reader. For the fourth edition, many of the 3D illustrations have been updated and, likewise, the technical information has been brought up to date. "Applications" showcases current developments, such as those relating to mass customization manufacture of components, and presents material and construction innovations. A compact and systematic handbook filled with information, produced for students and young architects alike.
This simple-to-use, practical guide to altering or extending property is invaluable to all those who are trying to ensure that the processes involved are carried out efficiently and cost-effectively. For those working or planning to work in the construction industry, it will remind them of the pitfalls of local requirements, building control and planning.
Unlike traditional references that recount political and military history, this encyclopedia includes entries on a wide range of aspects related to daily life during the medieval crusades. The medieval crusades were fundamental in shaping world history and provide background for the conflict that exists between the West and the Muslim world today. This two-volume set presents fundamental information about the medieval crusades as a movement and its ideological impact on both the crusaders and the peoples of the East. It takes a broad look at numerous topics related to crusading, with the goal of helping readers to better understand what inspired the crusaders, the hardships associated with crusading, and how crusading has influenced the development of cultures both in the East and the West. The first of the two thematically arranged volumes considers topics such as the arts, economics and work, food and drink, family and gender, and fashion and appearance. The second volume considers topics such as housing and community, politics and warfare, recreation and social customs, religion and beliefs, and science and technology. Within each topical section are alphabetically arranged reference entries, complete with cross-references and suggestions for further reading. Selections from primary source documents, each accompanied by an introductory headnote, give readers first-hand accounts of the crusades.
The production of fermented beverages is nowadays a technically sophisticated business. Many people outside it, however, even if they are familiar with the food industry overall, fail to appreciate just what advances have been made in the last twenty or thirty years. In part this is due to the blandishments of advertising, which tend to emphasise the traditional image for mass market promotion at the expense of the technological skills, and in part due to a lack of readily available information on the production pro cesses themselves. This book attempts to remedy the balance and to show that, far from being a quaint and rustic activity, the production of fermented beverages is a skilled and sophisticated blend of tradition and technology. We have chosen to organise the book principally by individual beverages or groups of beverages, with the addition of a number of general chapters to cover items of common concern such as fermentation biochemistry, adulteration, filtration and flavour aspects. While we have tried to eliminate excessive duplication of information, we make no apologies for the fact that certain important aspects (e. g. the role of sulphur dioxide in wine and cidermaking) are discussed on more than one occasion. This only serves to underline their importance and to ensure that each chapter is moderately self-contained.
The workshop reported in this volume is one of a series sponsored by the Commission of the European Communities, Directorate-General for Science, Research and Development (DG XII), under the Concerted Action Programme COST 84-bis, entitled "Use of lignocellulose containing by-products and other plant residues for animal feeding". Since COST 84-bis was established there has been a major shift of emphasis in agricultural research in Europe, with the development of alternative uses for crops and their by-products becoming a priority issue. In recognition of this recent workshops he,ld under the aegis of COST 84-bis have been equally concerned with the potential of lignocellulosic residues to form the feedstock for a variety of new and established industrial uses in addition to their established use as animal feed. Development of strategies for the use of plants or plant residues with a high cell wall content is dependant on knowledge of cell wall structure and organisation and how structure relates to the behaviour of the wall during mechanical, chemical or biological processing. Progress in cell wall research has been greatly facilitated by the substantial developments in methods of instrumental analysis that have occurred during the last decade. Plant tissues now can be examined in far greater detail and far more rapidly than was hitherto possible, often without the need for extraction or modification of the cell wall or its component polymers.
This book examines the structural and construction design of buildings. The first part presents an overview of materials and structural forms taking the point of view of the designer, architect and engineer. The second part is an extensive examination of over 70 case studies. They have been carefully selected and tightly structured to present a summary of established modern methods of building construction. It contains copious ready-reference charts of design information, numerous photographs and meticulous axonometric drawings. The book is international in scope. Dual units are used throughout (SI and Imperial) and nearly half the case studies are taken from the USA. Cases are also drawn from Canada, Europe, Africa, Malaysia, Hong Kong as well as 25 from the UK.
Effectively Calculate the Pressures of Soil When it comes to designing and constructing retaining structures that are safe and durable, understanding the interaction between soil and structure is at the foundation of it all. Laying down the groundwork for the non-specialists looking to gain an understanding of the background and issues surrounding geotechnical engineering, Earth Pressure and Earth-Retaining Structures, Third Edition introduces the mechanisms of earth pressure, and explains the design requirements for retaining structures. This text makes clear the uncertainty of parameter and partial factor issues that underpin recent codes. It then goes on to explain the principles of the geotechnical design of gravity walls, embedded walls, and composite structures. What’s New in the Third Edition: The first half of the book brings together and describes possible interactions between the ground and a retaining wall. It also includes materials that factor in available software packages dealing with seepage and slope instability, therefore providing a greater understanding of design issues and allowing readers to readily check computer output. The second part of the book begins by describing the background of Eurocode 7, and ends with detailed information about gravity walls, embedded walls, and composite walls. It also includes recent material on propped and braced excavations as well as work on soil nailing, anchored walls, and cofferdams. Previous chapters on the development of earth pressure theory and on graphical techniques have been moved to an appendix. Earth Pressure and Earth-Retaining Structures, Third Edition is written for practicing geotechnical, civil, and structural engineers and forms a reference for engineering geologists, geotechnical researchers, and undergraduate civil engineering students.
This volume is the first of three which chart the temporal and spatial occupational fluctuations at the site of Khirbat Faris in Southern Jordan and the stories of the communities that lived there. The excavation report follows the site and its environs throughout their many phases of use and occupation, from the 13th century BC to the present day.
Beaches of the Western Australian Coast covers the Western Australian coast between Eucla and Roebuck Bay, and includes Rottnest Island. It begins with three chapters that provide a background to the physical nature and evolution of the Western Australian coast and its 2,051 mainland beach systems. Chapter one covers the geological evolution of the coast and the role climate, wave, tides and wind in shaping the present coast and beaches. Chapter two presents in more detail the 16 types of beach systems that occur along the Western Australian coast, and chapter three discusses the types of beach hazards along the coast and the role of Surf Lifesaving Western Australia in mitigating these hazards. Chapter four presents a description of each of the 2,051 mainland beaches, as well as 63 beaches on Rottnest Island. The description of each beach includes its name, location, physical characteristics, access and facilities, with specific comments on its surf zone character and physical hazards, and its suitability for swimming, surfing and fishing. Based on the physical hazards, all beaches are rated in terms of public safety and scaled from 1 (least hazardous) to 10 (most hazardous).
This is a practical guide showing how to undertake a domestic building survey. The text describes the practical aspects of surveying with a full description of the author's own experience, at the same time drawing out the important principles involved.
The third edition of this introductory textbook for both science students and non-science majors has been brought completely up-to-date. It reflects recent scientific progress in the field, as well as advances in the political arena around climate change. As in previous editions, it is tightly focussed on anthropogenic climate change. The first part of the book concentrates on the science of modern climate change, including evidence that the Earth is warming and a basic description of climate physics. Concepts such as radiative forcing, climate feedbacks, and the carbon cycle are discussed and explained using basic physics and algebra. The second half of the book goes beyond the science to address the economics and policy options to address climate change. The book's goal is for a student to leave the class ready to engage in the public policy debate on the climate crisis.
In a world marked by the effects of colonial displacements, slavery's auction block, and the modern observatory stance, can Christian theology adequately imagine racial reconciliation? What factors have created our society's racialized optic--a view by which nonwhite bodies are objectified, marginalized, and destroyed--and how might such a gaze be resisted? Is there hope for a church and academy marked by difference rather than assimilation? This book pursues these questions by surveying the works of Willie James Jennings and J. Kameron Carter, who investigate the genesis of the racial imagination to suggest a new path forward for Christian theology. Jennings and Carter both mount critiques of popular contemporary ways of theologically imagining Christian identity as a return to an ethic of virtue. Through fresh reads of both the "tradition" and liberation theology, these scholars point to the particular Jewish flesh of Jesus Christ as the ground for a new body politic. By drawing on a vast array of biblical, theological, historical, and sociological resources, including communal experiments in radical joining, A Theology of Race and Place builds upon their theological race theory by offering an ecclesiology of joining that resists the aesthetic hegemony of whiteness.
Now in its fifth edition, Hydraulics in Civil and Environmental Engineering combines thorough coverage of the basic principles of civil engineering hydraulics with wide-ranging treatment of practical, real-world applications. This classic text is carefully structured into two parts to address principles before moving on to more advanced topics. The first part focuses on fundamentals, including hydrostatics, hydrodynamics, pipe and open channel flow, wave theory, physical modeling, hydrology, and sediment transport. The second part illustrates the engineering applications of these fundamental principles to pipeline system design; hydraulic structures; and river, canal, and coastal engineering—including up-to-date environmental implications. A chapter on computational hydraulics demonstrates the application of computational simulation techniques to modern design in a variety of contexts. What’s New in This Edition Substantive revisions of the chapters on hydraulic machines, flood hydrology, and computational modeling New material added to the chapters on hydrostatics, principles of fluid flow, behavior of real fluids, open channel flow, pressure surge in pipelines, wave theory, sediment transport, river engineering, and coastal engineering The latest recommendations on climate change predictions, impacts, and adaptation measures Updated references Hydraulics in Civil and Environmental Engineering, Fifth Edition is an essential resource for students and practitioners of civil, environmental, and public health engineering and associated disciplines. It is comprehensive, fully illustrated, and contains many worked examples. Spreadsheets and useful links to other web pages are available on an accompanying website, and a solutions manual is available to lecturers.
Fundamental Building Technology introduces the technology, methods, and processes fundamental to construction by focussing on what is involved in building a typical low-rise house. Written with the novice in mind, this textbook is the ideal starting point for any construction student, as it fully supports the reader all the way to understanding the functional requirements of each element of the building, and how to take these into account through the building process itself. This second edition is expanded to cover even more relevant topics, and is supported by more resources for use by the student and lecturer. Now included are: An introduction to the planning process and the building regulations How to incorporate a sustainable approach, in the selection of materials and elsewhere A companion site with lecturer’s answers manual and illustrated lecture notes 150 labelled diagrams throughout the book, and multiple self-study questions in every chapter A students’ section of the companion site with multiple choice quizzes and 250 full-colour photos linked to chapters of the book Concise, focussed and the most student-friendly guide to this topic available, Fundamental Building Technology is the perfect textbook for those taking construction technology modules at undergraduate or HNC/HND level.
The procedures, the problems and pitfalls of extending or altering property are discussed in this fully updated new edition. The author gives helpful advice on how to make the project go smoothly from beginning to end. This is a practical guide for those at the beginning of their career in building, or who want to be updated on the new regulations now in force. This new edition incorporates the 2005 Amendments to Approved Document L1B on the conservation of fuel and power. Developments in Computer Aided Design and structural calculations are also discussed. It is invaluable to all those who are trying to act efficiently, correctly and cost-effectively.
Seismic isolation offers the highest degree of earthquake protection to buildings and their inhabitants. Modern applications of the technology are less than 50 years old and uptake in seismically active regions continues to soar. Seismic Isolation for Architects is a comprehensive introduction to the theory and practice in this field. Based on the latest research findings and the authors’ extensive experience, coverage includes the application, effectiveness, benefits, and limitations of seismic isolation, as well as the architectural form, design aspects, retrofitting, economics, construction, and maintenance related to this method. The book is written for an international audience: the authors review codes and practices from a number of countries and draw on examples from eleven territories including the US, Chile, Argentina, Italy, Japan, and New Zealand. Aimed at readers without prior knowledge of structural engineering, the book provides an accessible, non-technical approach without using equations or calculations, instead using over 200 drawings, diagrams and images to support the text. This book is key reading for students on architecture and civil engineering courses looking for a clear introduction to seismic-resistant design, as well as architects and engineers working in seismically active regions.
This book provides a detailed step-by-step guide to taking off building work. It is pitched at a basic introductory level especially suitable for technicians entering the construction industry from school, perhaps intending to follow a trade or technical career. An ideal workbook for students of quantity surveying, construction and civil engineering when learning to measure building work. It introduces students to the most basic aspects of measurement and prepares them for learning the more complex areas of taking off. The book works through examples based on the measurement of a simple traditional pair of semi-detached (duplex) houses, with the relevant construction technology explained throughout. Although the format largely follows United Kingdom taking-off practice and conventions, it will be directly applicable to international practice in countries broadly following United Kingdom conventions. Each chapter presents a worked example from the substructure, through to masonry walls, upper floors, roofing, internal finishes, windows and doors. The examples are matched to an exercise for students and include a commentary of why and how the take-off work is being done. Concentrating specifically on the skilled task of taking off, the examples are designed to give confidence and practice rather than theoretical knowledge. This practical book is ideal for use on the Design, Surveying and Planning T Level; HNC Construction; and undergraduate and non-cognate postgraduate courses in Quantity Surveying, Construction and Building Surveying.
The challenges facing humanity in the 21st century include climate change, population growth, overconsumption of resources, overproduction of waste and increasing energy demands. For construction practitioners, responding to these challenges means creating a built environment that provides accommodation and infrastructure with better whole-life performance using lower volumes of primary materials, less non-renewable energy, wasting less and causing fewer disturbances to the natural environment. Concrete is ubiquitous in the built environment. It is therefore essential that it is used in the most sustainable way so practitioners must become aware of the range of sustainable concrete solutions available for construction. While sustainable development has been embedded into engineering curricula, it can be difficult for students and academics to be fully aware of the innovations in sustainable construction that are developed by the industry. Sustainable Concrete Solutions serves as an introduction to and an overview of the latest developments in sustainable concrete construction. It provides useful guidance, with further references, to students, researchers, academics and practitioners of all construction disciplines who are faced with the challenge of designing, specifying and constructing with concrete.
Excavations on the site of this remarkable fort in northern Bulgaria (1996–2005) formed part of a long-term program of excavation and intensive field survey, aimed at tracing the economic as well as physical changes which mark the transition from the Roman Empire to the Middle Ages, a program that commenced with the excavation and full publication of the early Byzantine fortress/city of Nicopolis ad Istrum. The analysis of well-dated finds and their full publication provides a unique database for the late Roman period in the Balkans; they include metal-work, pottery (local and imported fine ware), glass, copper alloy finds, inscriptions and dipinti (on amphorae), as well as quantified environmental reports on animal, birds, and fish with specialist reports on the archaeobotanical material, glass analysis, and querns. The report also details the results of site-specific intensive survey, a new method developed for use in the rich farmland of the central Balkans. In addition, there is a detailed report on a most remarkable and well-preserved aqueduct, which employed the largest siphon ever discovered in the Roman Empire. This publication will provide a substantial database of material and environmental finds, an invaluable resource for the region and for the Roman Empire: material invaluable for studies, which seeks to place the late Roman urban and military identity within its regional and extra-regional economic setting.
Willis's Elements of Quantity Surveying has become a standard text in the teaching of building measurement – a core part of the curriculum for quantity surveyors. Particularly in the latter editions it has eclipsed the other books on building measurement, partly because of the heritage, but mostly because of the logical approach and copious use of examples to guide the student. The new 11th edition has been fully updated to recognise the introduction of the New Rules of Measurement (NRM) by the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS), which reflect the way the modern QS works and provide a standard set of measurement rules that are understandable by all those involved in a construction project. Key features: First published in 1935, has been used by many generations of quantity surveyors and lecturers New edition fully updated to include the RICS new rules of measurement (NRM) Many examples updated to reflect current QS practice Revisers have extensive experience of teaching the subject through College of Estate Management courses
Decoding Eurocode 7 provides a detailed examination of Eurocode 7 Parts 1 and 2 and an overview of the associated European and International standards. The detail of the code is set out in summary tables and diagrams, with extensive. Fully annotated worked examples demonstrate how to apply it to real designs. Flow diagrams explain how reliability is introduced into design and mind maps gather related information into a coherent framework. Written by authors who specialise in lecturing on the subject, Decoding Eurocode 7 explains the key principles and application rules of Eurocode 7 in a logical and simple manner. Invaluable for practitioners, as well as for high-level students and researchers working in geotechnical fields.
Structural Design for Fire Safety, 2nd edition Andrew H. Buchanan, University of Canterbury, New Zealand Anthony K. Abu, University of Canterbury, New Zealand A practical and informative guide to structural fire engineering This book presents a comprehensive overview of structural fire engineering. An update on the first edition, the book describes new developments in the past ten years, including advanced calculation methods and computer programs. Further additions include: calculation methods for membrane action in floor slabs exposed to fires; a chapter on composite steel-concrete construction; and case studies of structural collapses. The book begins with an introduction to fire safety in buildings, from fire growth and development to the devastating effects of severe fires on large building structures. Methods of calculating fire severity and fire resistance are then described in detail, together with both simple and advanced methods for assessing and designing for structural fire safety in buildings constructed from structural steel, reinforced concrete, or structural timber. Structural Design for Fire Safety, 2nd edition bridges the information gap between fire safety engineers, structural engineers and building officials, and it will be useful for many others including architects, code writers, building designers, and firefighters. Key features: • Updated references to current research, as well as new end-of-chapter questions and worked examples. •Authors experienced in teaching, researching, and applying structural fire engineering in real buildings. • A focus on basic principles rather than specific building code requirements, for an international audience. An essential guide for structural engineers who wish to improve their understanding of buildings exposed to severe fires and an ideal textbook for introductory or advanced courses in structural fire engineering.
This is an invaluable textbook for any introductory survey course on the science and policy of climate change, for both non-science majors and introductory science students. The second edition has been thoroughly updated to reflect the most recent science from the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports, and many illustrations include new data. The new edition also reflects advances in the political debate over climate change. Unique amongst textbooks on climate change, it combines an introduction to the science with an introduction to economic and policy issues, and is tightly focused on anthropogenic climate change. It contains the necessary quantitative depth for students to properly understand the science of climate change. It supports students in using algebra to understand simple equations and to solve end-of-chapter problems. Supplementary online resources include a complete set of PowerPoint figures for instructors, solutions to exercises, videos of the author's lectures, and additional computer exercises.
Well-being in a building depends on a number of factors. Visuals, ventilation, heat, cooling, and acoustics are all key. Its efficiency relates not only to the design of a building; it can also be optimized and automated using the latest technologies and innovative environmentally friendly low-tech solutions. To build upon and add to the successful Modern Construction Handbook, Andrew Watts details innovative and established examples of interior design in Modern Environmental Design. These are presented with the aid of texts, drawings and 3D renderings.
In this meticulous and lucid study, Andrew Watsky keenly illustrates how private belief and political ambition influenced artsitic production at the intersection of institutional Buddhism and Shinto during this tumultuous period of rapid and radical political, social, and aesthetic changes. He offers substantial conclusions not only about the specific site, but also, more broadly, about the nature of art production in Japan and how perceptions of the sacred shaped the concerns and actions of the secular rulers ... Watsky has had unique access to the island, and many of the images included here have not previously been published. -- Book Jacket.
The second edition of Modern Construction Envelopes was originally based on the two books by Andrew Watts, Modern Construction Roofs and Modern Construction Facades . Both volumes were gathered into one single volume and consolidated in terms of content, which permits the consideration of facades and roofs as envelopes. Using current examples by renowned architects, Watts presents the constructive and material-related details. This presentation is based on a text, photos, and standardized detail drawings, as well as 3D representations of the components. The new edition has 3D views that are easier to understand than the first edition, with sharper images and more key explanations.
Newer buildings often have complex geometries. They require ample structural implementation of the architectural design, which is often costlier than it should be. The right expertise is needed in order to choose a construction approach that is safe yet economical and fully adequate to the design demands. In a continuation of Modern Construction Case Studies, which focused on complex, preliminary design, Modern Structural Design presents illustrative case studies of how complex, innovative construction systems have been successfully implemented. They are presented with the aid of texts, drawings, and 3D renderings.
This volume examines the arrival and development of a distinctively Roman building type in an area of southwest Turkey where the numerous cities, who were highly competitive in their public building, left a remarkable wealth of ancient remains. Many new plans and photographs represent the full range of Lycian bath buildings. The building techniques employed and how Roman bathing habits fitted into the sporting life of Asia Minor under the Empire are also explored.
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