This is the first book-length account of early efforts to computerize medical diagnosis. It explores how these efforts produced and interacted with certain professional tensions, disease constructions, personal identities, cultural ideals, economic interests, and material practices. The book offers a historical account that raises pressing questions, problems, and challenges that must be addressed as we work to harness artificial intelligence for the benefit of the medical profession and its patients"--
A fascinating history of the first attempts to computerize medical diagnosis. Beginning in the 1950s, interdisciplinary teams of physicians, engineers, mathematicians, and philosophers began to explore the possible application of a new digital technology to one of the most central, and vexed, tasks of medicine: diagnosis. In Digitizing Diagnosis, Andrew Lea examines these efforts—and the larger questions, debates, and transformations that emerged in their wake. While surveying the continuities spanning the analog and digital worlds of medicine, Lea uncovers how the introduction of the computer to medical diagnosis reconfigured the identities of patients, diseases, and physicians. Debates about how and whether to apply computers to the problem of diagnosis, he demonstrates, were animated by larger concerns about the nature of medical reasoning, the definitions of disease, and the authority and identity of physicians and patients. In their attempts to digitize diagnosis, these interdisciplinary groups of researchers repeatedly came up against fundamental moral and philosophical questions. How should doctors classify diseases? Could humans understand, and come to trust, the opaque decision-making processes of machines? And how might computerized systems circumvent—or calcify—bias? As medical algorithms become more deeply integrated into clinical care, researchers, clinicians, and caregivers continue to grapple with these questions today.
Andrew Ashworth and Mike Redmayne address one of the most controversial areas of the entire criminal process - the pre-trial stage. Following the detention of suspects in police custody, the authors examine key issues in the pre-trial process.
The production of fermented beverages is nowadays a technically sophisticated business. Many people outside it, however, even if they are familiar with the food industry overall, fail to appreciate just what advances have been made in the last twenty or thirty years. In part this is due to the blandishments of advertising, which tend to emphasise the traditional image for mass market promotion at the expense of the technological skills, and in part due to a lack of readily available information on the production pro cesses themselves. This book attempts to remedy the balance and to show that, far from being a quaint and rustic activity, the production of fermented beverages is a skilled and sophisticated blend of tradition and technology. We have chosen to organise the book principally by individual beverages or groups of beverages, with the addition of a number of general chapters to cover items of common concern such as fermentation biochemistry, adulteration, filtration and flavour aspects. While we have tried to eliminate excessive duplication of information, we make no apologies for the fact that certain important aspects (e. g. the role of sulphur dioxide in wine and cidermaking) are discussed on more than one occasion. This only serves to underline their importance and to ensure that each chapter is moderately self-contained.
Available Open Access under CC-BY-NC licence. This book is about the ideas, networks and institutions that shape the development of evidence about child poverty and wellbeing, and the use of such evidence in development policy debates.
An up-to-date atlas of an important fossil and living group, with the Natural History Museum. Deep-sea benthic foraminifera have played a central role in biostratigraphic, paleoecological, and paleoceanographical research for over a century. These single–celled marine protists are important because of their geographic ubiquity, distinction morphologies and rapid evolutionary rates, their abundance and diversity deep–sea sediments, and because of their utility as indicators of environmental conditions both at and below the sediment–water interface. In addition, stable isotopic data obtained from deep–sea benthic foraminiferal tests provide paleoceanographers with environmental information that is proving to be of major significance in studies of global climatic change. This work collects together, for the first time, new morphological descriptions, taxonomic placements, stratigraphic occurrence data, geographical distribution summaries, and palaeoecological information, along with state-of-the-art colour photomicrographs (most taken in reflected light, just as you would see them using light microscopy), of 300 common deep-sea benthic foraminifera species spanning the interval from Jurassic - Recent. This volume is intended as a reference and research resource for post-graduate students in micropalaeontology, geological professionals (stratigraphers, paleontologists, paleoecologists, palaeoceanographers), taxonomists, and evolutionary (paleo)biologists.
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