Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a metabolic pathway implicated in a number of settings that lead to acquired peripheral tolerance. IDO may also participate in the functional tolerance of the immune system towards tumors. Foxp3+ Tregs are major contributors to tumor-induced immune suppression, and emerging evidence links the IDO pathway with Treg activation. IDO-expressing dendritic cells (DCs) can drive the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into Foxp3+ Tregs. IDO+ DCs can also directly activate mature, preformed Tregs to mediate enhanced suppression. In experimental models, IDO also stabilizes the suppressive Treg phenotype and prevents inflammation-induced reprogramming of Tregs into pro-inflammatory (T-helper-like) cells. IDO may thus represent an important regulatory checkpoint that enhances Treg activity in tumor-bearing hosts. Drugs that target the IDO pathway may assist in reducing Treg-mediated suppression during antitumor immunotherapy.
This book encompasses the proceedings of a conference held at Trinity College, Oxford on September 21-25, 1985 organized by a committee comprised of Drs. M. Crumpton, M. Feldmann, A. McMichael, and E. Simpson, and advised by many friends and colleagues. The immune response gene workshops that took place were based on the need to understand why certain experimental animal strains were high responders and others were low responders. It was assumed that identification of the immune response (Ir) genes and definition of their products would explain high and low responder status. Research in the ensuing years has identified the Ir gene products involved in antibody responses as the la antigens, or MHC Class II antigens. These proteins are now well defined as members of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily, and their domain structure is known. Epitopes have been defined by multiple mono clonal antibodies and regions of hypervariability identified. Their genes have been identified and cloned. The basic observation of high and low responsive ness to antigen is still not understood in mechanistic terms, however, at either the cellular or molecular level. This is because the rate of progress in immune regulation has been far slower than in the molecular biology of the MHC Class II antigens. This is not surprising, since immune regulation is a very complex field at the crossroads of many disciplines.
This book answers an important question: if mentoring research coming out of Western nations have consistently shown that mentoring millennials brings tangible benefits to the organisation in the areas of job satisfaction, organisational commitment and employee retention, would such observations be seen in an Asian context?
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