Concise and authoritative monograph, geared toward advanced undergraduate and graduate students, covers linear sections, singular and hyperplane sections, Lefschetz's first and second theorems, the Poincaré formula, and invariant and relative cycles. 1958 edition.
This self-contained treatment begins with three chapters on the basics of point-set topology, after which it proceeds to homology groups and continuous mapping, barycentric subdivision, and simplicial complexes. 1961 edition.
Keeping mathematical prerequisites to a minimum, this undergraduate-level text stimulates students' intuitive understanding of topology while avoiding the more difficult subtleties and technicalities. Its focus is the method of spherical modifications and the study of critical points of functions on manifolds. No previous knowledge of topology is necessary for this text, which offers introductory material regarding open and closed sets and continuous maps in the first chapter. Succeeding chapters discuss the notions of differentiable manifolds and maps and explore one of the central topics of differential topology, the theory of critical points of functions on a differentiable manifold. Additional topics include an investigation of level manifolds corresponding to a given function and the concept of spherical modifications. The text concludes with applications of previously discussed material to the classification problem of surfaces and guidance, along with suggestions for further reading and study.
EU studies increasingly recognize the salience of new regional insights. Hence, this collection of original essays provides a broad overview of regionalism, together with detailed analyses on the construction, activities, and implications of both established and emerging examples of formal political and economic organizations as well as informal regional entities and networks. Aimed at scholars and students interested in the continuing growth of regionalism, The Ashgate Research Companion to Regionalisms is a key resource to understanding the major debates in the field. Organized into three main sections, this volume deals with a wide range of issues covering the following important research areas: -Section one covers theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of established and formal regionalism, emerging and informal regionalism, inter-regionalism, and levels of regionalism. -Section two provides detailed case-studies of established and formal regionalisms: EU, NAFTA, ASEAN, SAARC, OAS, MERCOSUR, AU, ECOWAS, and SADC. -Section three offers case-studies that investigate emerging and informal regionalisms in Oceania, the Arab League, BRICSAM, and the Commonwealth(s) as well as thought-provoking chapters on micro-regional processes evident in spatial development initiatives, transnational gangs, transfrontier conservation areas, and the migration-conflict nexus in natural resource sectors. With the study of regionalism becoming an increasingly important part of politics, international relations, development, and global studies courses, this comprehensive volume is a valuable addition for classroom use.
The European Commission is arguably the world's most powerful international administration. It plays a central role in the political system of the European Union. The Commission is a permanent presence in the life of the member states, but its influence is felt far beyond their borders. Viewed historically as the motor of European integration, the Commission is the subject of intense controversy. It is portrayed frequently as technocratic, monolithic, and unaccountable, but also as fragmented and weakly led. According to accepted wisdom, it is populated by career bureaucrats, who want only to expand the competencies of the Union and therefore their own power. This book tests these views. It asks: Who are the people who work for the organization? What are their educational and professional backgrounds? What do officials believe about the role of the Commission in the EU today and whether the Union should have more or less power? What leads them to choose to pursue a career in the Commission, and how do they navigate its complexities? How does the Barroso Commission compare to previous Commissions? How harmonious are relations between cabinets and the services? What has been the impact on the Commission of reform and of the 'big bang' enlargement? Co-authored by an international team of researchers, this book draws on original data from the largest attitudinal survey ever conducted by independent researchers inside the Commission, as well as a structured programme of interviews with senior officials. It provides an authoritative account of the European Commission of the twenty-first century.
Between 1961 and 1983, Turkish agriculture was subject to negative protection as a result of indirect measures, such as macroeconomic policies and industrial protection. Until the early 1980s, Turkey maintained an overvalued exchange rate, which served as an implicit tax on Turkish farmers. This policy was changed in 1982 when Turkey allowed its
The European Union (EU) is in a state of transformation with its constitutional future the subject of much heated debate. This book provides a durable, authoritative and comprehensive account of constitutional development, examining the pivotal roles of law and judicial politics in establishing the EU constitutional edifice. Michael Longo demonstrates and substantiates the arguments for and against constitutionalisation through the development of a theoretical framework drawing on theories and empirical research in both law and political science to understand this new process of European Integration.
This book examines the legal frameworks for integration provided by the EC Treaty, the Free Trade Agreement between Sweden and the EC concluded in 1972, the European Agreement between Poland and the Community and the European Economic Areas (EEA). The book not only compares the operation of four types of legal framework for integration but also, with the assistance of comparisons, explores underlying problems in the integration of the European Community and Third States in Europe. In the case of many countries of the former Soviet Union, notably Russia, membership of the Union does not appear to offer a feasible basis for their participation in the European integration process, and so the construction of a mutually acceptable legal framework for close relations between such countries and the Community arguably constitutes one of the most serious and pressing problems to be tackled by Union Integration Law. The book is written for teachers and students of advanced courses in EU Law as well as for policy makers, officials and practitioners in the private sector whose work concerns relations between the Community and Third states.
This text brings together work on EU environmental policy. Incorporating a range of case studies, it explores the links between levels of governance and the environment in a number of policy areas.
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