This book considers the evolution of the grammatical structure of words in the contexts of human evolution and the origins of language. The author challenges the conventional views of the relationship between syntax and morphology, the adaptationist view of language evolution, and the notion that language in some way reflects 'laws of form'.
What exactly are words? Are they the things that get listed in dictionaries, or are they the basic units of sentence structure? Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy explores the implications of these different approaches to words in English. He explains the various ways in which words are related to one another, and shows how the history of the English language has affected word structure. Topics include: words, sentences and dictionaries; a word and its parts (roots and affixes); a word and its forms (inflection); a word and its relatives (derivation); compound words; word structure; productivity; and the historical sources of English word formation. Requiring no prior linguistic training, this textbook is suitable for undergraduate students of English - literature or language - and provides a sound basis for further linguistic study.
This book considers the evolution of the grammatical structure of words in the more general contexts of human evolution and the origins of language. The consensus in many fields is that language is well designed for its purpose, and became so either through natural selection or by virtue of non-biological constraints on how language must be structured. Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy argues that in certain crucial respects language is not optimally designed. This can be seen, he suggests, in the existence of not one but two kinds of grammatical organization - syntax and morphology - and in the morphological and morpho-phonological complexity which leads to numerous departures from the one-form-one-meaning principle. Having discussed the issue of good and bad design in a wider biological context, the author shows that conventional explanations for the nature of morphology do not work. Its poor design features arose, he argues, from two characteristics present when the ancestors of modern humans had a vocabulary but no grammar. One of these was a synonymy-avoidance expectation, while the other was an articulatory and phonological apparatus that encouraged the development of new synonyms. Morphology developed in response to these conflicting pressures. In this stimulating and carefully argued account Professor McCarthy offers a powerful challenge to conventional views of the relationship between syntax and morphology, to the adaptationist view of language evolution, and to the notion that language in some way reflects 'laws of form'. This fundamental contribution to understanding the nature and evolution of language will be of wide interest to linguists of all theoretical persuasions as well as to scholars in cognitive science and anthropology.
First published in 1987, this book broke new ground in research on inflectional morphology. Drawing on evidence from a wide variety of languages, it shows that this is not just a phenomenon left over from obsolete phonological processes but a subject deserving of respect in its own right. The book proposes constraints in three areas: (1) the organization of inflection class systems; (2) inflectional homonymy, or syncretism; (3) the direction of allomorphic conditioning. Carstairs-McCarthy’s notion of ‘paradigm economy’ revolutionized the study of inflection class systems but in its purest form, presented in this book, the hypothesis was too strong. In more recent works, the author has therefore argued that a version of it is an unexpected by-product of the brain’s aptitude for handling multiple vocabularies. The study of inflectional homonymy was pioneered by Roman Jakobson as evidence for the structuring of morphosyntactic categories or feature sets (case, number, tense, mood and so on) but his approach differed from that of this book, whose radical suggestions fertilized much subsequent work on ‘inflectional identity’. The direction of conditioning, first explored in this text, is debated actively within the Distributed Morphology framework popular within Chomskyan generative linguistics, despite disagreement with the Carstairs-McCarthy view that morphology is a domain of grammar entirely distinct from syntax. In The Evolution of Morphology (2010) the author takes these topics further, and also explains why stem alternation and affixation are importantly distinct as modes of inflectional expression. Inflectional allomorphy is an apparently pointless complication exhibited by many languages. However, this book suggests reasons why it is, nevertheless, easy for the brain to handle. The work thus has important implications beyond language, extending into human cognition.
This book aims to provide a thorough and wide-ranging introduction to approaches to morphology in linguistic theory over the last twenty years. This comprehensive survey concentrates not only on the generative linguistic mainstream, but on approaches that are less fashionable or relatively unknown to English-speaking linguists, and highlights recent European, particularly German-speaking research.
Proposing a theory of the origins of human language ability and presenting an account of the early evolution of language, this text explains why humans are the only language-using animals and challenges the assumption that language is due to intelligence-- jacket cover.
Are there always good reasons to get out of bed in the morning? This book argues that there are, citing the line of poetry from Virgil’s Aeneid that is inscribed at the World Trade Center memorial: ‘No day shall erase you from the memory of time’. It traces fascinating parallels between the role played in the Aeneid by deceitful gods and the role played in the Bible by a deceitful Devil, and explains how Jesus, respecting our free will, offers us eternal happiness, but refuses to convert us by force.
This proceedings volume contains the latest results from the field of particle physics. The contributions cover the current status of all the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments, the implications of the LHC for cosmology, and the search for dark matter and nuclear astrophysics. It also includes work on the current status of the future International Linear Collider (ILC).
Introducing Language in Use, second edition, provides a lively and accessible introduction to the study of language and linguistics. Drawing on a vast range of data and examples of language in its many forms, this book provides students with the tools they need to analyse real language in diverse contexts. The second edition of this best-selling textbook has been fully revised and updated with entirely new chapters on Phonology and Sociolinguistics, two separate chapters on syntax and grammar, completely rewritten chapters on Multilingualism, Psycholinguistics and World Englishes, and a greater focus on corpus linguistics. Introducing Language in Use: covers all the core areas and topics of language study, including semiotics, communication, grammar, phonetics, phonology, words, semantics, variety in language, history of English, world Englishes, multilingualism, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, language acquisition, conversation analysis, pragmatics and politeness adopts a 'how to' approach, encouraging students to apply their knowledge as they learn it draws on examples of language from around the world in forms ranging from conversation to advertising and text messaging, always giving precedence to real language in use includes activities throughout the text and an extensive glossary of terms The book is supported by a companion website offering a wealth of additional resources including commentaries on the activities in the book, suggested further reading and references, links to useful websites, more texts to analyse, additional web activities, ‘fun with language’ exercises, discussion questions and an additional ‘Language in Education’ chapter. This is an essential coursebook for all introductory courses in English language, communication and linguistics. Visit the companion website at www.routledge.com/cw/merrison
Proposing a theory of the origins of human language ability and presenting an account of the early evolution of language, this text explains why humans are the only language-using animals and challenges the assumption that language is due to intelligence-- jacket cover.
Are there always good reasons to get out of bed in the morning? This book argues that there are, citing the line of poetry from Virgil’s Aeneid that is inscribed at the World Trade Center memorial: ‘No day shall erase you from the memory of time’. It traces fascinating parallels between the role played in the Aeneid by deceitful gods and the role played in the Bible by a deceitful Devil, and explains how Jesus, respecting our free will, offers us eternal happiness, but refuses to convert us by force.
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